FFCS - Teses de Doutoramento / Doctoral Theses
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- Racionalidade e socialização : o fator ritual nas propostas filosóficas de Richard Rorty e Alasdair MacIntyrePublication . Galvão, Artur Emanuel Ilharco; Sumares, Manuel GonçalvesThe aim of this thesis is to tackle what can be called the Hegelian problem. With the dissolution of the great philosophical systems, one question has gained particular prominence in reflections on rationality. Is it possible to reconcile historicism and objectivity without a philosophy of history? In other words, is the awareness that human beings are always located in the historical 'here and now' compatible with the defence of universal and necessary knowledge? Answers have usually consisted of choosing one side. For example, Nietzsche, Kuhn and Feyerabend favour the former, compromising the possibility of objectivity. For this, they are accused of relativism and irrationalism. Carnap, Popper and Quine opted for the side of objectivity, jeopardising the historicity of thought and, as a result, seem to fall into scientism. Richard Rorty and Alasdair MacIntyre opt for the historicist side. However, they believe that this choice does not compromise them to the point of becoming relativists or irrationalists. Rorty solves the dilemma by replacing objectivity with solidarity and MacIntyre by assuming that it is possible to develop criteria for objective justification based on local contexts. This paper aims to analyse how Rorty’s and MacIntyre's solutions were developed and to assess their success. To do this, I will use what I call the ritual factor as a reading key. This, with its components of praxis, repetition and play, allows us to give rationality a different framework from the one provided by modernity, particularly by the Enlightenment. In my reading, Rorty and MacIntyre develop an embodied rationality, greatly influenced by Wittgenstein's thought. The ritual factor will allow us to understand the connection it has with the biological and sociological dimensions of humanity. It will therefore be possible to argue that rationality is both a third-person phenomenon (which can be studied observationally) and a second-person phenomenon (resulting from the relationships that exist in the communitarian we). This is the thesis I have developed from my research. Although they start from the same premises, Rorty and MacIntyre develop them differently, so their conclusions are basically antagonistic. Much of the interest of studying these two authors lies precisely in this fact, because their confrontation will enhance our understanding of various nuances of rationality.
- O evento Fátima : análise do impacto de Fátima na vida dos peregrinosPublication . Moreira, Manuel Paulo Baptista Alves; Leite, Ângela Maria Teixeira; Lind, Andreas GonçalvesThe present work is based on the most significant historical documents that relate to the phenomenon of apparitions and that served as a background for the interpretation of the Fátima event. We refer, above all, to the information available in the Memoirs of Lúcia de Jesus (Jesus, 2016), in the various volumes of the Critical Documentation of Fátima and in the Theological Commentary (Mensagem de Fátima, n.d.) signed by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger on June 26, 2000, as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The analysis of these documents allowed us to frame the meaning of apparition, as a mystical vision and a subjective experience. Starting from the analysis of these texts, we seek to describe – one could say, phenomenologically – the effective transformation that the Fátima event wrought in the lives of the visionaries. In other words, it is about identifying the effects of such an experience on the whole person, on the ordinary existence of the first witnesses of the Apparitions. Next, we looked at the experience of the pilgrims, to whom the message of Fátima was transmitted after the six Apparitions of 1917. It was a question of basically evaluating the impact that the Fátima event, in a second moment, had on the pilgrims. The assessment of this impact was carried out through a survey collecting sociodemographic data, whose information allowed respondents to be placed in relation to the following psychometric scales: “self-compassion”, “satisfaction with life”, “perceived freedom”, “martyrdom”, “availability to listen”, “acceptance” and “centrality of religiousity”. The substance of the investigation was obtained from interviews that aimed to reconstruct the individual psychobiographies of the pilgrims. In these, special attention was paid to the transformations that occurred at a personal level, relationships and ways of life, evaluating the impact of the pilgrimage experience on the way one experiences a fragile situation, such as an illness or a separation, for example. Of all the results obtained, the following stand out: (i) the transition of the first seers from simple “shepherds” to the status of prophets, without the occurrence of psychic trauma; (ii) apparitions, like pilgrimages, have the same structure as rites of passage; (iii) the motivation to endeavor a pilgrimage stops being extrinsic (e.g. family tradition) and becomes intrinsic (e.g. supported by subjective faith); (iv) pilgrimage contributes decisively both to personal self-knowledge and to the decentering that leads the pilgrim to become more attentive and careful with others. Based on an interdisciplinary approach that integrates elements of sociology, psychology and, naturally, religious sciences, this investigation offers an important contribution to the Fátima Studies: (1) firstly, because it presents the construction of the psychohistory of the “little shepherds ”, something that has not yet been done; (2) secondly, because it allows us to verify that the experience of the Apparitions manifests itself with the structure of the rites of passage.
- Recipient passives in the Portuguese of Mozambique : a sociocognitive approach to a constructional innovation in a nativising varietyPublication . Mevis, Alice Marie-Paule Emmanuel; Silva, Augusto Soares daThis PhD dissertation investigates the ongoing nativisation of the Mozambican variety of Portuguese, through the lens of one specific syntactic innovation: the Recipient passive construction. This construction, which occurs with TRANSFER verbs, is a type of ditransitive passive which promotes the recipient, rather than the theme, to subject position – an innovation absent in the grammar of European Portuguese and other national varieties of Portuguese. Although previous studies on Mozambican Portuguese (MP) have consistently mentioned the Recipient passive, it remains unclear whether this constructional innovation represents transitional variation due to second language acquisition or a structural change in progress. The present study therefore proposes a detailed examination of these innovative passive structures from both linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives, following the theoretical framework of Cognitive (Socio)Linguistics (e.g., Geeraerts & Cuyckens 2007, Wen & Taylor 2021; Kristiansen & Dirven 2008, Geeraerts et al. 2010) and the grammatical models of Construction Grammar (e.g., Goldberg 2006, Diessel 2019) and Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 2008). By assessing the systematicity and productivity of the Recipient passive in MP and mapping its linguistic and social distribution, this dissertation contributes to a broader understanding of grammatical change in postcolonial varieties of Portuguese. The dissertation is structured into two parts and comprises ten chapters. Part I lays the theoretical and methodological groundwork for the analysis, beginning with an overview of Mozambique’s sociolinguistic landscape (Chapter 2). This contextual background helps explain the conditions under which the new Recipient passive construction has emerged and the broader dynamics shaping MP’s current nativisation process. The discussion draws on Schneider’s (2003, 2007) Dynamic Model for World Englishes – which aligns with Cognitive (Socio)Linguistics in its view of language as a dynamic and adaptive complex system –, extending its applicability to African varieties of Portuguese. The nativisation of MP is reflected in the increasing number of monolingual Portuguese speakers, particularly in urban centres. Historically, Mozambique’s population primarily spoke Bantu languages, with Portuguese functioning as a second language (L2). However, following independence in 1975, Portuguese began to play an increasingly significant role, first as a reinforced lingua franca and later as a native language (L1), largely due to its institutional status and the mass expansion of Portuguese-medium education across the country. This ongoing shift, which comes at a cost to indigenous languages, clearly demonstrates how the sociolinguistic landscape of a country can undergo profound transformation within a relatively short period. The remaining sections of Part I establish the theoretical (Chapters 3 and 4) and methodological (Chapter 5) framework of the analysis. First, by shifting the focus from a derivational syntax-based model to a constructional approach – where grammar is conceived as a dynamic network of interrelated constructions –, this study offers a more comprehensive, integrated and economical account of linguistic change, particularly in the domains of semantic and syntactic change. Second, by incorporating semantic considerations, especially regarding the concept of transitivity, it underscores the conceptual coherence and plausibility of the emergence of alternative grammatical structures. Lastly, by shifting the perspective from linguistic structures and languages in contact to speakers in contact, it accounts for the complexity of multilingualism and diglossia, which are typical of postcolonial contexts where individuals with diverse linguistic repertoires and worldviews interact. This dissertation thus embraces a cognitive and constructional approach to linguistic structure, variation and change, speaker-centred and empirically grounded in corpus and survey data, while also attending to the complex sociolinguistic dynamics of postcolonial settings. This perspective reveals the intricate interplay between the grammatical system of Portuguese, Bantu contact languages, culturally embedded mental representations and (presumed universal) cognitive factors underlying language use, in line with Cognitive Sociolinguistics and Cognitive Contact Linguistics. Part II constitutes the empirical core of this dissertation, focusing on an in-depth exploration of the Recipient passive construction in MP. The investigation unfolds in four key stages. First, a preliminary analysis highlights the need to move beyond the derivational hypothesis of transitivisation proposed in previous studies (e.g., Gonçalves 2010), which considers Recipient passives to be the outcome of a structural shift in ditransitive verbs involving the loss of the preposition a ‘to’ that introduces indirect objects in standard Portuguese (Chapter 6). Second, an initial corpus analysis examines the conceptual foundations of ditransitive and passive constructions, allowing to delineate the context of occurrence of Recipient passives and better understand the motivations behind their emergence. This analysis sketches the linguistic profile of the Recipient passive construction and confirms its systematicity and productivity within MP (Chapter 7). Third, a second corpus-based study, employing advanced multivariate statistical techniques, investigates the innovative Recipient passive in relation to its closest structural counterpart, the Theme passive construction (or standard ditransitive passive). Using random forest models and conditional inference trees, the analysis reveals a constructional alternation primarily governed by pragmatic-discursive factors (such as topicality and accessibility) as well as conceptual factors, particularly the perspective through which the transfer event is construed, either as a result-oriented or process-oriented event (Chapter 8). Finally, the last case study explores the social dimension of the Recipient passive by means of an acceptability judgment task conducted in four Mozambican cities over a ten-week fieldwork period. This experimental analysis provides insights into the speakers’ perception and usage of the construction (Chapter 9). The main findings of this dissertation, resulting from the four analyses conducted in Part II, demonstrate that: (i) the emergence of the Recipient passive construction in MP reflects an ongoing process of constructionalisation (Traugott & Trousdale 2013), rather than a derivational restructuring; (ii) this Mozambican innovation has become a stable form-meaning pairing with a coherent semantic structure, exhibiting increasing degrees of schematicity and productivity; (iii) the new grammatical construction represents structured variation, responsive to a set of intralinguistic criteria, including discursive salience and conceptual perspectivisation (or construal, Langacker 2008), and has moreover naturally integrated into the constructional network of Portuguese, interacting with pre-existing grammatical patterns; and finally, (iv) Recipient passive constructions are widely accepted across different regions of Mozambique, and among speakers with diverse linguistic backgrounds and educational levels, suggesting that they are no longer confined to specific social groups or speaker profiles. By examining the development and productivity of the Recipient passive construction in MP, this thesis sheds light on the mechanisms of linguistic change in postcolonial varieties. These findings, in turn, contribute to a broader understanding of the ongoing nativisation process of African varieties of Portuguese, while also documenting further the increasingly pluricentric nature of the Portuguese language on the global stage (Soares da Silva 2018, 2022).
- Discurso, conflito e argumentação : das emoções no(s) discurso(s) em contexto referendárioPublication . Gil, Isabel Teresa Morais Fuzeta de Campos; Fonseca, Joaquim Marques Alves da; Marques, Maria Aldina Bessa Ferreira Rodrigues
- A sabedoria da carne no itinerário de Emmanuel LévinasPublication . Júnior, Nilo Ribeiro; Brito, José Henrique Silveira deNossa investigação desenvolve a genealogia do corpo e da encarnação no pensamento de Emmanuel Lévinas, refazendo o percurso filosófico do autor, com uso das principais obras, dos escritos no cativeiro e da juventude até os da maturidade. Seu percurso é balizado pelas categorias filosóficas da Criação, Revelação, Redenção. Como dialoga de maneira especial com os autores da viragem fenomenológica da filosofia, Husserl e Heidegger, mostrar-se-á, em forma de intriga, sua aproximação e distanciamento dos mestres, invertendo o amor à Sabedoria, do Ocidente, em uma Sabedoria da carne, devido à entrada do Outro. O cerne da Sabedoria da carne é o corpo que resta como corpo criatural entregue à bondade do mundo, que acolhe a revelação do outro e que se faz dom de si ao outro como Bem para além do Ser; ao outro exposto ao sofrimento inútil. Feito isto, relançar-se-á a Sabedoria da carne no debate com o pensamento encarnado dos filósofos franceses Merleau-Ponty e Michel Henry. Com isso, ressalta-se como o corpo dá o que pensar em função da significação e do dizer da carnalidade do humanismo do outro no confronto com outras formas de como o corpo se diz na contemporaneidade.
- Igreja e império na Cronografia de Teófanes Confessor : a interpretação da história no tempo da crise iconoclasta (com uma versão portuguesa em apêndice)Publication . Antunes, André Emanuel Vieira; Miranda, José Carlos Lopes de; Júnior, Manuel Gonçalves SumaresA presente dissertação propõe-se abordar a Cronografia de Teófanes Confessor, obra essencial para se estudar os séculos VIII e IX do Oriente Cristão. O principal foco de análise prende-se com as relações entre Império e Igreja durante a Querela das Imagens. Pretende-se estudar como o Iconoclasmo simultaneamente influenciava e era influenciado pelas relações entre a esfera imperial, a hierarquia eclesiástica, o mundo monástico e a religiosidade popular da época. Para o efeito, procede-se, na primeira parte, a uma análise histórica do período iconoclasta (cc. 730-843), estudando-se os principais personagens envolvidos e as problemáticas próprias do Império Romano Oriental. Na segunda parte, debruçamo-nos sobre a causação teológica e cultural do Iconoclasmo propriamente dito, procurando descortinar fatores internos e externos para explicar o seu aparecimento agudo nesta altura. A teologia cristológica, as mutações no Califado e as perspetivas escatológicas serão as principais ferramentas para estudarmos o fenómeno. Por fim, na terceira parte da tese, estudam-se os problemas filológicos próprios da Cronografia de Teófanes, antes de passarmos para uma análise da obra em si. Apresentamos ainda, em anexo, uma tradução nossa da Cronografia.
- Eu sou sem religião com crença : a fragilização da herança religiosa e a conservação da crença como elo de memóriaPublication . Ritz, Claudia Danielle de Andrade; Ribeiro, Flávio Augusto Senra; Teixeira, Alfredo Manuel Matos Alves RodriguesO fenômeno dos sem religião, representado pela designação sem religião, ocupa o terceiro maior percentual de identificação religiosa no Brasil. No Censo 2010 representavam 8,04%, correspondente a mais de 15 milhões de pessoas. O grupo dos sem religião no Censo é composto por três subgrupos: os agnósticos (0,87%), os ateus (3,98%) e os sem religião sem religião (95,17%). O escopo desta tese são as pessoas sem religião sem religião, os quais designamos por sem religião com crença. A abordagem deste estudo foi histórica, sistemática e empírica. O objetivo principal foi compreender as razões para a identificação sem religião com crença. Para tanto, aspectos históricos do catolicismo no Brasil foram pesquisados, cuja associação entre a dinâmica colonial e as missões propiciou uma evangelização fragmentada e pouco institucionalizada, o que contribuiu para a formação de uma herança religiosa fragilizada, constitutiva da memória católica. Além disso, analisaram-se a urbanização no Brasil, as repercussões da mobilidade e a alteração do espaço, na dinâmica das identidades e na recomposição da memória religiosa. A autonomia do indivíduo no contexto de modernidades múltiplas e culturas híbridas promove a pluralidade, o trânsito religioso, a individualização da crença e a desinstitucionalização, aspectos que contribuem para a fragilização da herança religiosa. A urbanização, em conexão com a secularização, endossa as movimentações do campo religioso, dinamizando a paisagem religiosa brasileira. Como o fenômeno das pessoas sem religião é transnacional, para melhor entendimento, apresentam-se alguns estudos e dados sobre os sem religião no Brasil e no cenário internacional. Por fim, investigam-se na pesquisa de campo as razões para as pessoas se identificarem como sem religião com crença. A metodologia utilizada foi exploratória, quantitativa e qualitativa, abrangendo pesquisas bibliográfica e de campo, mediante aplicação de questionário estruturado digital, contendo 40 questões, a jovens universitários da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, que são discentes da graduação matriculados na disciplina de Cultura Religiosa e discentes pesquisadores da Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Religião. Conclui-se que a hipótese foi confirmada, porque, ao se identificarem como eu sou sem religião, mas tenho crenças religiosas, as pessoas informam a fragilização da herança religiosa mediante a ausência da religião, mas informam a conservação da crença, como elo da memória religiosa.
- O Humanismo de Leonardo Coimbra : a Rússia de Hoje e o Homem de SemprePublication . Oliveira, Francisco José de Jesus; Gama, José GonçalvesNeste trabalho de investigação académica sobre o humanismo de Leonardo Coimbra, como sempre se deve fazer nos trabalhos do filósofo, partimos da sua existência concreta, tempos e acontecimentos que indelevelmente marcaram o seu pensar e agir, para seguidamente os transpor para os seus escritos e ação política e social. E aqui percebemos a continuidade e amadurecimento da sua reflexão filosófica e científica, política e religiosa, que na sua última obra, A Rússia de Hoje e o Homem de Sempre, se expressa em humanismo cristão. Este homem religioso, desde sempre, e socialista democrata em aprofundamento desde a primeira hora, coloca a humanidade no centro das suas preocupações e com ela Deus, até chegar ao Deus de Cristo Jesus. E nele encontra o homem católico (universal e cósmico) como o paradigma por excelência do seu humanismo. Este percurso é um verdadeiro itinerário filosófico que o nosso filósofo percorre, e eu com ele, para perceber a génese da sua filosofia criacionista, denunciadora de todos os cousismos, que faz termo no humanismo cristão, o socialismo cósmico por antonomásia.
- Mood swings in european portuguese : the indicative vs. the subjunctive in clausal complementationPublication . Vieira, Pedro Nuno da Fonseca Pulquério de Castro e Silva; Silva, Augusto Soares daThis is a corpus-based investigation on the semantic motivations for the use of the indicative and subjunctive in European Portuguese's complementation clauses. The moods are seen as conceptual tools that reflect how a clause is grounded (ef. e.g. Langacker 2009: Ch. 9). The indicative manifests compatibility between the cause's profile (the specific set of circumstances it designates) and its epistemic base (the conception of reality it is related to). The subjunctive, conversely. reflects an attenuated compatibility. The major novelty of these claims consists in proposing that the subjunctive can be bound under this notion of attenuated compatibility. A clause's profile can have an attenuated compatibility with its base because: 1. the speaker instructs the hearer to consider it so, which happens in complementation cases introduced by epistemic CTEs (complement taking elements) with a value of doubt or disbelief, such as duvidar ('doubt') or impossível ('impossible'); 2. there are motivations to contrast that compatibility with similar contexts, such as when using certo ('certain') without and with modifiers, as in it is certain that... + IND vs. it is almost certain that... + SUBJ; 3. that compatibility is not profiled at all, as in the complements introduced by non-epistemic CTEs of influence (querer want'; deixar let', 'allow') or evaluation (lamentar 'regret'; bom 'good'; mau 'bad'). The CTEs were very important in establishing these claims were, as they provide the domain of analysis (epistemic and non-epistemic, the latter divided into influence and evaluation). In epistemic contexts, however, negation in the matrix was also relevant: it is capable of turning a positive context (I think that...) into a negative one (I don't think that... = I doubt that...), i.e. a context of compatibility into an attenuated one. In non-epistemic cases, mainly on influence ones, the presence of modal verbs in the complement were also seen to play an important role in facilitating a mood change, being that they can bring epistemic features to the clause. By comparing I recommend that the house be (SUBJ sold | I recommend that the house must (IND) be sold, it can be seen that while the former describes the actions that the interlocutor is to perform, the latter describes the speaker's convictions. The latter is systematically found with indicative complements whereas the former with subjunctive ones. "Mood swings" could also be found in evaluation contexts with a reported speech complement (epistemic action).
- Uma gaveta de facas sempre aberta : cómico e desfiguração da História de Portugal na escrita de Lobo AntunesPublication . Coutinho, Elsa Raquel Marinho; Martins, José Cândido de OliveiraEsta investigação pretende estudar o declínio da ideia de Portugal-império, pela revisitação temática dos efeitos trágicos da Descolonização, tendo como mote quatro obras de Lobo Antunes: Os Cus de Judas, As Naus, O Esplendor de Portugal e Comissão das Lágrimas, cuja escrita se erige, no contexto da literatura pós-moderna e nos propõe uma visão desassombrada e desmistificadora da História de Portugal. Da sua escrita transparece um território tenso entre a História e a literatura, tendo em conta o caráter pernicioso da sonegação de factos levada a cabo pelos historiadores oficiais, no que a esta época diz respeito. O autor alicerça a sua crítica em processos de cómico, expondo, num tom exacerbado, impiedoso, inconveniente, grotesco e feroz, críticas iconoclastas à política de Salazar e aos seus aliados (da Igreja Católica, v.g.), dessacralizando o poder político e eclesiástico, e ironizando com a narração falaciosa da História. Esta aliança perniciosa entre Trono e Altar, hasteada na tríade de valores Deus, Pátria e Família, é, assumidamente, censurada nas quatro obras, delatando a decadência da elite colonial e os efeitos devastadores da Descolonização. Destarte, a escrita-reação lobo antuniana critica, acerbadamente, o regime salazarista que forçou milhares de soldados a lutar por um falso ideal patriótico e transforma-se na voz dos silenciados. De cariz confessional e testemunhal, tendo em conta que o próprio escritor foi coagido, no cumprimento do serviço militar obrigatório, a deslocar-se para a guerra, os romances analisados expõem o conflito de identidade do homem contemporâneo, ensombrado pelo mítico passado glorioso e enfatizam o processo de dilaceração individual e coletivo de todos os intervenientes na Guerra Colonial. Portanto, para além do resgate das memórias traumáticas, a ficção confere-lhes a possibilidade de exorcizar e expurgar a violenta experiência psicológica a que foram expostos.
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