FCH - Dissertações de Mestrado / Master Dissertations
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- Adaptação dos palhaços de hospital ao contexto hospitalar pediátrico : um estudo misto sobre stressores e recursos pessoaisPublication . Pereira, Juryzeth Lukeny da Silva de Azevedo; Nazaré, Ana Bárbara Vicente; Prioste, AnaO contexto hospitalar pediátrico é um ambiente profissional com potencial para gerar dificuldades de adaptação, nomeadamente por envolver contacto com sofrimento humano. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo conhecer a adaptação dos profissionais que trabalham como Palhaços de Hospital em contexto pediátrico. Participaram na investigação 23 profissionais (doze mulheres e onze homens, M = 40,96 anos; DP = 6,03) que trabalham como Doutores Palhaços (DP) na Operação Nariz Vermelho, nas regiões Norte e Centro do país. O desenho do estudo foi misto do tipo sequencial explicativo. Os instrumentos de recolha de dados incluíram um questionário sociodemográfico, profissional e clínico, a Escala de Avaliação do Stresse, o Questionário dos Estilos de Humor, a Escala de Qualidade de Vida Profissional (ProQOL-5), a Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar e o Guião de Entrevista Semiestruturada. Os resultados mostraram que o ambiente de trabalho é percebido como ligeira a moderadamente ameaçador, com oportunidades de crescimento pessoal e profissional, níveis moderados a altos de satisfação por compaixão, níveis de stresse traumático secundário moderados a baixos e níveis de ansiedade e depressão predominantemente normais ou ligeiros. Estes dados sugerem uma boa adaptação dos DP ao contexto hospitalar pediátrico, que pode ser justificada pelo orgulho que sentem em levar a arte do palhaço para o ambiente hospitalar e pela satisfação em desempenhar um trabalho com profissionalismo, numa instituição estável e credível. Apesar destes indicadores de adaptação positivos, é importante considerar os fatores de diferentes níveis que os DP identificam como potenciais desafios/ameaças à sua saúde mental.
- Adaptação familiar à diabetes tipo 1 em adolescentes : contributos do sistema familiarPublication . Cardoso, Ana Carolina Marques; Goes, Ana Rita OliveiraA diabetes tipo 1 (DT1) tem sido reconhecida como uma das doenças mais comuns na população pediátrica, causando um impacto significativo na vida do doente e da sua família. O sistema parental e familiar deve corresponder às exigências da doença, alterando, se necessário, as rotinas e padrões de interação familiar, levando a uma consequente adaptação da família à condição. Neste sentido, reconhecendo o papel do sistema familiar para o controlo desta doença, tem sido reforçado o interesse em compreender a forma como estas famílias se adaptam, considerando indicadores positivos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo explorar o contributo dos recursos do sistema familiar e parental no contexto da diabetes pediátrica, nomeadamente a autorregulação parental, os fatores protetores da família e a gestão da condição na adaptação à Diabetes tipo 1, em famílias de adolescentes (12-18 anos) com esta condição. Participaram neste estudo 131 pais/cuidadores de adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1 que preencheram questionários para avaliar o autorregulação parental, gestão da condição, fatores de resiliência da família, o bem-estar e o funcionamento familiar. Foram também recolhidos dados sociodemográficos e clínicos. Os resultados apoiaram a importância dos recursos parentais e familiares para o bem-estar e funcionamento familiar, nomeadamente a autorregulação parental e o suporte social. No funcionamento familiar, a autorregulação parental e a capacidade de gerir a condição revelaram-se variáveis preditoras, mostrando que ambas contribuem para a forma como a família responde aos desafios da condição e da parentalidade. Já no que se refere ao bem-estar, nenhuma variável revelou um efeito significativo. As dificuldades da vida familiar e a capacidade de gerir a condição foram ainda mediadoras parciais na relação entre os recursos parentais e familiares e o bemestar e funcionamento familiar. Deste modo, é evidente o papel do sistema familiar e parental para a promoção da adaptação das famílias com adolescentes com esta condição crónica.
- Adaptação familiar à diabetes tipo 1 na infância : contributo de recursos parentais e familiaresPublication . Ribeiro, Inês da Saúde; Goes, Ana Rita OliveiraO presente estudo teve como principal objetivo explorar o papel dos recursos do sistema familiar (fatores protetores da família) e do subsistema parental (autorregulação parental e mutualidade parental) na adaptação de famílias de crianças em idade escolar com diabetes tipo 1. Neste trabalho, tomámos como quadro de referência o Modelo de Adaptação e Confronto com a Incapacidade e o Stress, ao incluir recursos referentes a fatores de resistência e seguimos algumas propostas teóricas do Family Style Framework, ao considerar o papel de variáveis da gestão da condição crónica pediátrica. Assumindo a adaptação da família como um conceito multidimensional, considerámos como indicadores o funcionamento familiar e o bem-estar da família. A amostra foi constituída por 121 pais e mães, de crianças com idades entre os 6 e os 12 anos. Os dados foram recolhidos através do preenchimento de instrumentos de autorrelato, pelos pais das crianças: Systemic Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation, Family Management Measure, Me as a Parent e Inventory of Family Protective Factor; uma medida subjetiva de Bem-Estar Familiar; um questionário sociodemográfico e clínico. Observaram-se relações significativas entre as principais variáveis e os resultados de adaptação familiar. Apurou-se ainda efeitos indiretos entre a autorregulação parental e os fatores protetores da família com a adaptação familiar, por intermédio de variáveis relacionadas com a gestão da condição. Percebemos o impacto que a gestão desta doença apresenta na família, visto que as dificuldades da vida familiar foram a principal variável explicativa da variância no funcionamento familiar e no bem-estar familiar. Por fim, verificou-se que fatores como a idade da criança, a idade de diagnostico e o último valor de HbA1c registado moderam o efeito de variáveis como a autorregulação parental no bem-estar familiar e a mutualidade parental no funcionamento familiar.
- Adaptação psicológica dos docentes do ensino básico e/ou secundário, comparação entre o ensino público e o ensino privadoPublication . Rodrigues, Raquel Alves; Matos, Maria Margarida Nunes Gaspar deO número de docentes que apresentam sinais de mal-estar psicológico tem crescido o que, por sua vez, poderá levar a implicações significativas no que concerne ao bem-estar e à qualidade de vida individual de cada profissional. Assim, é necessário explorar e identificar fatores que possam estar a interferir na saúde dos docentes. O presente estudo investigou a adaptação psicológica dos professores do ensino básico e secundário no contexto da crescente insatisfação com a carreira docente em Portugal, com o objetivo de compreender as possíveis consequências do mal-estar psicológico na saúde física dos docentes e as diferenças entre os setores público e privado. Além disso, o estudo procura identificar fatores que possam influenciar o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida dos professores. A amostra foi composta por 213 participantes, dos quais 40 pertenciam ao ensino privado e 173 ao ensino público. Os participantes responderam a questionários que avaliavam a adaptação psicológica (incluindo qualidade de vida, bem-estar subjetivo, níveis de ansiedade e depressão, perceção de sintomas somáticos e de saúde física e mental) e a fatores demográficos e socioprofissionais (como género, anos de serviço, satisfação com colegas e número de cargos). Os resultados revelaram uma correlação positiva entre a satisfação com os colegas e a adaptação psicológica dos docentes, além de um papel mediador da saúde nesse processo. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois setores. Concluindo, este estudo contribuiu para a compreensão de potenciais fatores que possam influenciar a adaptação psicológica dos docentes. Estes achados destacam ainda a importância de implementar programas nas escolas que promovam a coesão entre os docentes.
- Age diversity and employee benefits : a study on preferences, age-related needs and work attitudesPublication . Oppenheim, Laura; Marques, Tatiana Iolanda PiresAs the global workforce ages, retaining older employees is crucial to a company's success. The current study examines how employee benefits can be used as a strategic tool to retain and satisfy employees of different ages. The current research examines the relationships between employee benefit satisfaction, job satisfaction, and affective commitment, highlighting the role of benefit satisfaction in fostering positive work-related attitudes across different age groups and fulfilling growth and security needs. The study employs a quantitative approach with a sample of N=159 participants and includes two analyses: a moderated mediation analysis and a correlational analysis. The moderated mediation analysis explores how age moderates the relationship between benefit satisfaction and workrelated attitudes, with growth and security need satisfaction serving as mediators. The correlational analysis assesses age-related preferences for specific employee benefits. The results show significant direct relationships between employee benefit satisfaction and affective commitment and job satisfaction. In addition, benefit satisfaction shows a significant relation with the satisfaction of growth and security needs, which in turn mediates their effects on job satisfaction and affective commitment. However, the age variable does not moderate these relationships, which was initially expected. Correlations between age and certain preferences for employee benefits can be found, the correlation coefficient for all significant relations is negative but indicates only small to medium effects. In summary, the present study highlights the strategic importance of benefits satisfaction in influencing workrelated attitudes and the fulfillment of personal needs and provides valuable insights for companies offering certain employee benefits to their employees. Given the limited research available, this study shows the potential for more detailed investigation, particularly with regard to the age factor.
- AI and decision-making under risk : a behavioural study exploring how large language models may affect our risk preferencesPublication . Seabra, Lucas Bagnari de; Almeida, Ana Filipa Martinho deThis dissertation investigates the role of AI, particularly Large Language Models, in influencing risk-taking behaviours in a decision-making context, hypothesizing a diffusion of responsibility in human-AI interactions. A Randomized-Control Trial was employed, with participants completing a risk elicitation task – the Bomb Risk Elicitation Task – across two sequential rounds. Participants were either assisted by an AI-powered chatbot during the task or placed in a control group without AI assistance. Measures such as Trust and Attitudes towards AI, and general risk aversion were collected, to serve as control variables. Participant’s locus of control was also measured to test the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis. A total of 138 participants completed an online experiment. Results indicate that AI assistance had a significant effect on participants’ risk preferences, particularly in the second round of the task. Notably, the outcome of the first round showed to be an important factor in this dynamic. Among those who did not have a successful outcome in the first round, participants in the control group exhibited greater risk aversion in the subsequent round, a pattern that was not observed in the AI-assisted group. Further analyses indicated that trust in AI and an external locus of control marginally moderated this effect, pointing to a diffusion of responsibility with the AI. Additional findings suggest the rational effect AI assistance had on participants. Particularly, the proportion of risk-neutral participants increased from 6% in the control group to 28% in the treatment group, indicating an approximation of rational decisionmaking with AI assistance. The findings suggest that AI assistance can alter risk preferences, potentially through mechanisms of increased confidence or diffusion of responsibility. This dissertation contributes to our understanding of human-AI interaction and highlights the need for further studies to disentangle these effects and explore their implications for decision-making in high-stakes environments.
- Am I in control? How are psychological ownership and organizational commitment affected by the perception of control in multi-office companiesPublication . Khoury, Zayd Najib; Gonçalves, Ana Paula Giordano SilvaThis dissertation investigates the relationship between employees' perception of control, psychological ownership, and organizational commitment within multi-office companies, focusing on differences across local, regional, and headquarters office settings. Drawing on theories of psychological ownership and organizational commitment, the study hypothesizes that employees at headquarters will experience a higher degree of control, leading to stronger psychological ownership and, subsequently, greater affective organizational commitment. Additionally, psychological ownership is proposed to mediate the relationship between perceived control and commitment, with its impact varying across office locations. A quantitative study was conducted with 97 employees from multinational companies, distributed across local, regional, and headquarters offices. Participants completed validated surveys measuring their perceptions of control, psychological ownership, and organizational commitment. The findings suggest that employees at headquarters report significantly higher perceptions of control compared to their counterparts in regional and local offices. Furthermore, psychological ownership was found to mediate the relationship between perceived control and affective organizational commitment, highlighting the critical role that control and psychological ownership play in fostering employee engagement and commitment. These results have important implications for organizational leaders, particularly in managing multi-office structures.
- An investigation of accuracy and variability levels of judgments and decisions in a child protection contextPublication . Monteiro, Isabel Dantas Marques; Carvalho, Rui Filipe Gaspar deDecision-making in the context of child protection is an extremely complex challenge, still understudied. To increase scientific knowledge in this domain, this study had as its primary goal to investigate the accuracy and variability of judgments and decisions made by a sample of 104 professionals working in Child Protection Committees in Portugal. For this, three decision-making scenarios were created varying in severity: low, moderate, and high. All professionals were asked, for each of them, to make two decisions - removal and recommended intervention - and a series of judgments - degree of severity, recurrence probability, and the impact of protective factors. Results showed that these professionals had very high levels of accuracy, and that levels of decision and judgment variability depended on the types of case. There was considerable disagreement on the proposed intervention, specifically in the cases where the child was to be removed from home. Additionally, judgments regarding the mitigating impact of protective factors varied largely, and disagreement was higher for more severe cases. It was also possible to observe that variability in the judgment phase did not necessarily translate into variability in the decision-making stages. Such results have training implications for professionals working in child protection settings.
- Artificial Intelligence in the workplace : perceived knowledge, expectations and attitudes on university students and professionalsPublication . Canhestro, Teresa Sofia Pires; Gaspar, Maria Augusta DuarteThe presence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in companies and in people’s daily lives is increasing fast, requiring an updated understanding of how people perceive its inclusion in the labour market. Because different backgrounds may be critical to such perception, the current study assessed the knowledge, expectations and attitudes that Portuguese university students and professionals in the areas of Psychology, Engineering, Economics and Management, Health and Humanities have regarding AI. A sample of 341 participants was collected, including 191 females and 119 males. The survey included questions from the AI@ 50 conference at Dartmouth College, the Survey of Expert Opinion (Müller & Bostrom, 2016), the Survey of Corporate Management and Economic Policy (Morikawa, 2017) and the Negative Attitudes Towards Robots Scale (NARS) (Nomura, Kanda & Suzuki, 2004), which assess, respectively, the temporal expectations of AI and the perceived impact AI may have on society, the perceived impact it may have on employment and, finally, attitudes toward intelligent robots at work. Results showed significant differences between groups from different scientific backgrounds: Engineering participants are more receptive to the inclusion of AI in work, when compared to the other groups. They are also more knowledgeable of robots and have a more positive attitude toward working with intelligent robots. Psychology participants are, right after Engineering participants, the ones who perceive themselves more favourably as to what they think they know about AI. Overall, results suggest that lack of information and a certain level of negative attitudes toward technology in the humanities group, and to some degree in all groups other that the engineering one, needs to be addressed by educational institutions, organization administrators and policy makers. This will facilitate an optimization of the AI technology for the specific requirements of different domains of human activity.
- Ascription of responsibility, recycling behaviours and trust : a moderation analysisPublication . Ndebele, Varaidzo Abigail Anita; Scott, Ian JamesThis dissertation arose out of a curiosity in the relationship between trust in institutions and recycling behaviours, and how the concept of ascription of responsibility affects this relationship. From the literature on recycling behaviours and trust, there is an element of duty and responsibility attached to why individuals engage in recycling. As such, the main hypothesis focused on the relationship between institutional trust and recycling behaviours, and if this relation was moderated by ascription of responsibility, but it has not been tested as a moderator. A survey was constructed and distributed using Qualtrics software, combining the three variables discussed above, and the results were analysed using moderation analysis in R programming language. The main hypothesis results proved not statistically significant, and some correlates were analysed. The inability to prove the main hypothesis was in contrast with the literature, which perhaps could be explained better if the entire ascription of responsibility scale was used instead of the two factors chosen. A study using an updated form of the ascription of responsibility questionnaire that incorporates a measure on altruism, as well as integrating a game theory element to the research would be recommended for future research.