IEP - Dissertações de Mestrado / Master Dissertations
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- O liberalismo como anti-cultura : as críticas de Patrick Deneen ao estado liberal modernoPublication . Gaspar, Manuel de Brito Barreto Rocha; Coutinho, João PereiraNão são raros os vultos intelectuais que concebem a cultura que actualmente nos submerge como decadente. Aos olhos de alguns, o Liberalismo ostenta-se como a causa do seu declínio. E, no entanto, os Estados que hoje nos representam reconhecem-se, mesmo que indirectamente, como herdeiros do património intelectual composto por figuras cimeiras da ideologia liberal, como Thomas Hobbes, John Locke e John Stuart Mill. Nas Academias contemporâneas, Patrick Deneen assoma como o Autor que, de um modo singular, demonstra como o Liberalismo, a partir das suas premissas antropológicas, corrói as culturas dos povos. Na presente dissertação, procura-se, assim, analisar detalhadamente o pensamento político de Patrick Deneen, com especial enfoque nos motivos que o conduzem a atestar que o Liberalismo é, por natureza, anti-cultural. No dealbar deste excurso, contextualizaremos o problema da cultura no seio da ambiguidade não raramente associada ao Liberalismo como ideologia. De seguida, apresentaremos um rol de Autores que nos permitirão identificar já alguns traços da ligação atribulada entre estes dois conceitos. Depois de lançados estes alicerces, centraremos esta problemática na pessoa de Patrick Deneen, expondo o que o Autor, na correnteza desencadeada por aqueles que o antecederam, entende ora por cultura, ora por Liberalismo. Providos de uma compreensão integral do seu pensamento, exibiremos finalmente o modo como o Autor, imputando ao Liberalismo a corrosão da cultura, identifica na artificialidade uniforme e ilimitada do panorama cultural hodierno a corporização das premissas antropológicas liberais.
- How did the European integration influence the mechanisms of implementing minority rights? : the case of Opole SilesiaPublication . Drost, Natalie; Dias, MónicaThis thesis analyses how the European integration affects the protection and implementation of minority rights in Europe, focusing specifically on the German minority in Opole Silesia, Poland. Europe’s national, ethnic, and linguistic minorities have shaped Europe for a long time. To recognize and protect these groups is crucial for the democratic system and social unity. Opole Silesia has been shaped by changing borders as well as mixed identities. This makes this region important and shows the opportunities and challenges of implementing and protecting minority rights into a domestic system that is influenced by European standards. In the EU, agreements like the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 or the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities set legal frameworks that influence the European landscape. To join the EU, Poland had to align with these European standards through the Copenhagen criteria. This meant to incorporate minority protection into its constitution. The German minority in Opole Silesia is the largest recognized national minority in Poland. This offers a significant case for evaluating how European legal frameworks interact with domestic policies in shaping political but also cultural participation. This thesis uses a qualitative approach, combining desk research with a case study of the German minority in Opole Silesia. It examines legal documents, institutional reports and existing research that focuses on the civil society engagement, education policy, and political representation. It aims to show how EU integration has created possibilities for minority visibility and empowerment, while highlighting its limits of supranational influence in areas regarding national identity and sovereignty. The German minority is being placed in the larger European discussion on identity and rights. It helps to clarify how European institutions shape but do not completely decide or cannot decide the protection of minority communities. EU frameworks offer good tools and standards but the actual implementation of rights as well as protection relies very much on domestic policies, historical background, and regional circumstances.
- Unearthing reconciliation : mapping the institutional politics of forensic identification of Brazil's dictatorship victimsPublication . Ferreira, Diana; Duque, RaquelThis dissertation examines the institutional politics of forensic identification of victims of Brazil’s military dictatorship (1964–1985) and its role within a non-punitive transitional justice framework constrained by the 1979 Amnesty Law. In the absence of sustained criminal accountability, Brazil’s reckoning with authoritarian violence has relied on mechanisms of truth-seeking, symbolic recognition and moral repair. Focusing on forensic identification, the study analyses how State institutions, civil society organisations and international partners collaborate to recover remains, restore identities and preserve historical memory. Drawing on qualitative analysis of official reports, civil society archives, forensic documentation, media sources and academic literature, the dissertation argues that forensic identification functions as both a technical practice and a moral, communicative form of justice. Media and memorialisation efforts further reinforce collective memory and public awareness, although structural inequalities and historical biases limit the inclusivity of these processes. The research also highlights the role of international collaboration in enhancing technical capacity and moral legitimacy, compensating for domestic institutional inertia. Nevertheless, symbolic and forensic mechanisms alone cannot substitute for legal accountability or institutional reform. Persistent denialism, the uneven recognition of victims and the absence of embedded institutional memory constrain reconciliation and non-repetition. The Brazilian case ultimately illustrates the necessity and limits of non-punitive transitional justice, showing how truth and memory can be preserved even when formal accountability remains structurally deferred.
- The loss of community and the rise of the police state : the aftermath of 9/11 in the United StatesPublication . Synder, ReElle Alea; Castello Branco, José TomazThis paper examines the aftermath of terrorism in the United States pre- and post 9/11 to determine how individuals' civil rights were impacted. On September 11th, 2001, four terrorist attacks were carried out in the United States. The looming threat of terrorism led to legislative changes affecting the American people. The research will answer how the uncertainty of terrorism impacted legislation and how the legislative changes affected Americans' rights. Relevant civil rights legislation and Supreme Court rulings pre- and post-September 11th, 2001, will show how state power increased after 9/11. This paper explores the conception of American society through its founding and major societal changes impacting civil rights. The formation of law enforcement institutions, such as slave patrols, police departments, and federal agencies. The legal precedent of civil protections from the country's founding until September 11th, 2001. The changes in government procedures due to the security issues posed during 9/11 led to the reconstruction of federal agencies and methods of surveillance by law enforcement, protected under the expansion of qualified immunity.
- Sobre a relação entre personalidade e tendência de voto em PortugalPublication . Andrade, Sebastião José Damaso de; Carvalho, Cristina Sá
- A relação entre tráfico de seres humanos e terrorismo internacional : uma análise sobre o Estado IslâmicoPublication . Teixeira, Ines Duarte; Duque, RaquelO Tráfico de Seres Humanos e o Terrorismo Internacional representam duas das maiores ameaças contemporâneas à segurança global, frequentemente interligadas em dinâmicas complexas. O tráfico de seres humanos, para além de representar uma grave violação dos direitos fundamentais e uma atividade criminosa transnacional, assume-se igualmente como um recurso económico de relevo para grupos armados. Paralelamente, o terrorismo internacional depende de mecanismos de financiamento diversificados e adaptáveis para sustentar as suas operações e expandir a sua influência. Quando estas realidades se cruzam, as organizações terroristas conseguem não apenas financiar as suas atividades, mas também consolidar o seu poder através de práticas de exploração e coerção. Compreender esta relação revela-se, assim, essencial para entender a amplitude dos riscos envolvidos e para reforçar os mecanismos de prevenção e combate quer do terrorismo quer do tráfico de seres humanos. Neste âmbito, a presente investigação desenvolve uma análise teórica e conceptual sobre as interdependências entre terrorismo e tráfico de seres humanos. Este enquadramento permite identificar os canais através dos quais o tráfico de pessoas contribui não apenas para a sustentabilidade financeira dos grupos, mas também para a sua estratégia de expansão e consolidação. Para ilustrar empiricamente estas dinâmicas, recorremos ao caso do Estado Islâmico, considerado um exemplo paradigmático da instrumentalização do tráfico de seres humanos para fins terroristas. A análise deste caso fornece uma perspetiva prática sobre o impacto do fenómeno, contribuindo para o debate académico e para a definição de respostas internacionais mais eficazes contra ambas as ameaças.
- A liderança de Mohammed bin Salman na Arábia Saudita : a sua influência na política externaPublication . Domingues, Nuno Miguel Alemão; Duque, RaquelO Reino da Arábia Saudita está a implementar um conjunto de reformas internas que provocaram alguma surpresa na comunidade internacional, nomeadamente em medidas que ofereceram mais liberdades às mulheres, permitindo-lhes estar menos dependentes dos seus maridos, conduzir, entrar em recintos desportivos ou a possibilidade de escolha no uso do hijab. Para além do referido, no campo económico, existe uma transformação em curso para tornar um país que tem estado dependente do setor petrolífero a uma economia de mercado, aberta a investimento estrangeiro e que possa ser sustentada através de serviços, tal como já acontece noutros países do Golfo. Estas reformas aconteceram com um maior destaque a partir de 2017, quando Mohammed bin Salman fora anunciado como herdeiro ao trono saudita. A mudança de estratégia nas políticas internas são apenas um pequeno passo num objetivo maior constatado no plano Visão 2030, que tenciona sobretudo dar um papel de relevo à Arábia Saudita no seu contexto regional, através de reformas políticas, económicas e sociais. A mudança na política externa do Reino tem como motivo principal combater a ascensão da República Islâmica do Irão como potência regional, tendo Teerão influência governativa sobre vários Estados árabes. Esta investigação, pretende assim explicar de que modo é que a liderança de Mohammed bin Salman, enquanto príncipe herdeiro, através das reformas internas que estão a ser implementadas, é capaz de influenciar a política externa saudita. Pretende-se sobretudo demonstrar que, será através dos ganhos políticos e económicos das medidas reformistas, que Mohammed bin Salman conseguirá transformar a Arábia Saudita num ator com mais relevo e poder no Médio Oriente, tentando adaptar a sua região aos interesses sauditas, especialmente no modelo governativo monárquico e na promoção do ramo sunita do Islão enquanto religião dominante.
- It takes two to tango : leveraging Guardini’s Polarity for Political Philosophy with a focus on the state and the individualPublication . Capela, Antonio de Carvalho; Alves, André AzevedoGuardini was a profound and versatile thinker, yet the use of his philosophy for political purposes remains strikingly underexplored. This thesis aims to structure and clarify his concept of polarity, constructing a new analytical framework based on his multiple and fragmented insights. Polarity, as Guardini conceives it, is a tense relationship between opposites that are neither contradictory nor in conflict. Within this dynamic, the poles retain their distinct identity but simultaneously rely on each other for self-definition. Then, this dissertation focuses on the polarity between the State and the individual, examining key political concepts such as personhood, mass society, individualism, and totalitarianism, comparing and complementing our polar analysis with the works of Arendt, Deneen, Tocqueville, Hayek, Ortega y Gasset, amongst others. The dissertation critiques both individualism, which isolates the person from communal structures, and totalitarianism, which absorbs individuality into an impersonal collective, asserting that a proper political order must recognize and uphold the full integrity of both the individual and the State. Beyond this inquiry, the thesis also opens the door to the vast potential of applications of Guardini’s polarity to other political topics. Ultimately, this research argues that Guardini’s thinking offers a compelling response to modernity’s fragmentation, demonstrating how polarity can serve as a structural principle to reconcile severances and reimagine political philosophy.
- The European Union-Russia relationship : has the EU moved away from a liberal stance towards a realist one after the war in Ukraine?Publication . Prisca, Francisco; Garcia, Francisco ProençaThis dissertation investigates whether the European Union has shifted from a predominantly liberal approach to a more realist posture in its relations with Russia following the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Drawing on the theoretical debates of liberalism, realism, and normative power, it traces the EU’s policy evolution from the optimism of the 1990s to the geopolitical awakening of the 2020s. The study first examines the foundations of EU–Russia relations through agreements such as the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (1997) and the Common Strategy on Russia (1999), which reflected the EU’s liberal values and belief that most states would enjoy becoming liberal democracies. It then considers the limits of this framework, exposed by the 2008 Georgia war and the 2014 annexation of Crimea, when sanctions and energy dependence revealed both EU divisions and Russian assertiveness. Ukraine forms a central case study, showing the Union’s gradual move from the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Eastern Partnership towards deeper integration through the Association Agreement and the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, culminating in the decision to grant Ukraine candidate status in 2022. The analysis demonstrates that the invasion prompted unprecedented measures: the adoption of the Strategic Compass, the European Peace Facility, and EUMAM Ukraine; record defence spending and common procurement initiatives; the most extensive sanctions regime in EU history; and new global strategies such as the Global Gateway and the European Economic Security Strategy. The findings suggest not a complete abandonment of liberal ideals but a hybridization of liberal and realist logics. While the EU continues to emphasize international law, values, and enlargement conditionality, it increasingly relies on hard power and economic statecraft. February 2022 thus marked both the end of the EU’s liberal partnership with Russia and the beginning of its emergence as a geopolitical actor with Ukraine at the centre of its strategic vision.