FD - Dissertações de Mestrado / Master Dissertations
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- A aplicação da disciplina da responsabilidade alargada do produtor ao fluxo de resíduos de embalagens não urbano : um contributo interpretativo da (nova) redação do artigo 22º, número 2, do UNILEXPublication . Almeida, Daniel dos Santos; Vieira, Vera Cordeiro Pereira de Sousa Eiró DinizThe purpose of this thesis is to study the application of extended producer responsibility to the non-municipal stream of packaging and non-reusable packaging waste. Firstly, we have described the origins and grounds of this responsibility scheme, namely its EU Law roots, its connection with the polluter-pays principle and the principle of prevention, as well as its lex specialis nature regarding the general principle of responsibility for waste management. Secondly, we have analysed the legislative evolution of the application of this scheme to the specific stream of packaging and packaging waste, from the original version of UNILEX to its amendment under Decree-Law 24/2024. Finally, we have looked into the provisions of Article 22(2) UNILEX, which required a special coordination with the extended producer responsibility regime, in order to determine the obligations related to pay financial contributions and be burdened with waste management costs.
- The Arctic and its challenging governancePublication . Cabral, Leonardo Figueroa da Veiga; Lopes, José Alberto Azeredo FerreiraThe Arctic is always in evidence, being at the same time unique, multifaceted, and extremely coveted. In recent decades, however, the discussions have the as premise only the projections on local climate mutations, while the effects of some international agreements affecting the Arctic are ignored or underestimated. In this context, repeated proposals have been made to mobilize the international community towards the elaboration of a treaty that would address the regional governance, as it was done for Antarctica, under the pretext that the Arctic countries, the international institutions and the current legal framework are ineffective in appeasing divergent interests. It is essential to go further, with broader premises, to use a qualitative methodology with the objective to identify and analyze the updated content of all international legal instruments relevant to the Arctic’s governance, assessing also how it is exercised, as a mean to verify the criticisms and proposed solution’s relevance. Reiterated examples were found of an ongoing cooperation between the Arctic countries, which exercise a regional governance that’s peculiar, but inspired in a Nordic tradition, correctly complying with the heterogeneous, and technically complex international legal framework in force, which is also observed by the competent international organisms.
- The birth of landless states due to sea-level risePublication . Macrino, Lyvia Fortuna; Rocha, ArmandoThis work embarks on an enthusiastic exploration, delving into the complex legal challenges triggered by states’ complete or partial submergence due to the relentless rise of sea levels caused by climate change. The author’s enthusiasm for creative prose and belief in the power of personal expression converge, compelling the captivating narratives of vulnerable states in the face of this global crisis. In a world oscillating in the precipice of chaos, this work illuminates the practical urgency and academic significance of this issue, emphasizing that the inevitable disappearance of territories has transformed from a question of “if” to an inescapable reality of “when.” Through a methodical examination of the origins, existence, and ultimate termination of states deprived of their lands, this work sheds a vivid spotlight on the sophisticated legal implications of such cataclysmic events. Driven by a profound vision, the author aspires to use the law to awaken collective consciousness to a problem that now pervades every corner of our world, surpassing even the magnitude of the world itself. Climate change compels each and every one of us to bear the weight of responsibility. By exposing the pressing need for action and transformative change, this work resonates as an impassioned call to action for all those who care about the future of our planet.
- O (novo) dever de diligência e implicações jurídicas : em particular, na cadeia de valorPublication . Neto, Catarina Lopes de Avó Tomaz; Câmara, Paulo Câmara Pires dos SantosA urgência climática, a necessidade de proteger os direitos fundamentais e a falta de efetividade da soft law no âmbito do corporate governance, motivaram a União Europeia a colocar em prática os princípios e diretrizes definidos pelas Nações Unidas e pela OCDE. Na presente dissertação, abordaremos os deveres de diligência constituídos na esfera das empresas e as implicações dos mesmos na sua estratégia. Analisaremos tanto a contribuição positiva do cumprimento dos deveres de diligência nos direitos dos trabalhadores, no ambiente, nas gerações futuras e na sua criação de valor, bem como a contribuição negativa do incumprimento dos mesmos, nomeadamente por via da aplicação de sanções pecuniárias, responsabilidade civil ou ainda declarações públicas que acarretam um enorme custo reputacional.
- A proteção do ambiente/clima através de tratados de direitos humanosPublication . Milho, Ana Teresa Garcia; Rocha, Armando Luís SilvaThe aim of this dissertation is to set out the current framework in various sectors for protecting the environment/climate through human rights treaties in the face of current environmental issues. With that in mind, it first analyses the stand of the legislator in the prosecution and implementation of environmental standards and principles. Subsequently, the application of possible legal mechanisms that could reduce bureaucracy in the application of international recognition is analysed, to highlight the international commitment to protecting the environment. In the context of these considerations, some of the challenges in this area are also mentioned, but the aim is to complement the above with legislative options, given the current national and international framework, namely the recognition by ECtHR of the Human Right to a healthy environment. In this regard, the ECHR is also referenced in the international system, in comparison to the ACHR, and the case law handed down by the ECtHR is analysed, which constitutes its first stance on the impact of climate change on the full use of the rights protected by the ECHR.
- Rights-based climate litigation : a comparative analysisPublication . Zanatta, Ana Vitória; Queiroz, Maria Benedita Menezes de Gusmão Peixoto deThis thesis aims to identify limits and possibilities of international rights-based climate litigation. This was achieved through a comparative and critical analysis of four recent high-profile decisions published by international human rights bodies. This allowed a comprehensive view of the precedents set for a variety of procedural and substantive issues, and of the differences in approach between the European Court of Human Rights, United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, and Human Rights Committee.