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- Recomendações de diferentes países do mundo e Organização Mundial de Saúde para a ingestão de folato e suplementação em ácido fólico no período periconcepcionalPublication . Gomes, Sandra Silva; Lopes, Carla; Pinto, ElisabeteIntrodução: A suplementação em ácido fólico no período periconcepcional está associada à redução do risco de Defeitos do Tubo Neural. Mas em muitos casos esta suplementação ocorre após o período desejado, tornando-se de reduzida eficácia, ao contrário da fortificação de alimentos. Contudo, novas preocupações surgiram sobre potenciais efeitos adversos (mãe, filho e população) decorrentes da suplementação com elevadas doses e da fortificação. Relativamente à alimentação, quer o padrão alimentar como os métodos culinários condicionam as quantidades de folato ingeridas, sendo o padrão dito saudável mais rico neste nutrimento. Objectivos: Sistematizar as recomendações oficiais de ingestão de folato e de ácido fólico no período periconcepcional, veiculadas por organizações nacionais de saúde de diferentes países e pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Metodologia: Análise descritiva dos dados recolhidos a partir dos websites de organizações nacionais de saúde de 36 países (25 europeus – 22 União Europeia; 4 BRICS; 3 Tigres Asiáticos; G8; Austrália) e da Organização Mundial de Saúde, relativamente às recomendações de ingestão de folato e ácido fólico no período periconcepcional. Resultados: As recomendações diferem entre países, contudo a maioria (67%) recomenda alimentação saudável e suplementação de 400µg/dia ácido fólico antes da concepção (4- 12 semanas) até ao primeiro trimestre gravidez (8-12 semanas). O UL mencionado (44%) é de 1 mg/dia e as dosagens para mulheres de elevado risco de Defeitos do Tubo Neural são 4-5mg/dia (42%). A dose diária recomendada para a ingestão de folato, reportada pelos diferentes países, varia entre: 300(D-A-CH)-400(IOM,NNR) µg/dia para mulheres em idade fértil e 500(NNR)-550(- D-A-CH)-600(IOM) µg/dia para grávidas. Alguns países (14%) enfatizam a importância da alimentação saudável sem necessidade de suplementação. Por oposição, outros (11%) aconselham suplementação acrescida de fortificação obrigatória. Um único país menciona a importância dos níveis sanguíneos de folato (sérico e eritrocitário) e remete para o médico a decisão de suplementação, numa tentativa de personalização (considerada a intervenção ideal). Em Portugal, as recomendações são omissas relativamente à alimentação e dosagem, embora sejam apenas comercializados suplementos 5mg. Conclusões: As recomendações para redução do risco de Defeitos do Tubo Neural, em diferentes partes do mundo, incidem predominantemente na alimentação saudável e suplementação 400μg/dia ácido fólico no período periconcepcional. Em Portugal apenas são comercializados suplementos com elevadas doses. São necessárias recomendações mais completas em Portugal, para redução de riscos: Defeitos do Tubo Neural e efeitos adversos na mãe e no filho.
- Consumo alimentar em crianças de 1-3 anos de idade: EPACI Portugal 2012Publication . Moreira, Teresa; Severo, Milton; Pinto, Elisabete; Nazareth, Margarida; Graça, Pedro; Rêgo, Carla; Lopes, Carla
- Influence of parental nutritional status on nutritional status of their offspring at 0-36 months. Results from EPACI Portugal 2012Publication . Nazareth, M.; Pinto, E.; Lopes, C.; Rêgo, C.
- Identification of compounds associated with the aroma characteristic of spoiled white winesPublication . Ferreira, A. C. S; Rodrigues, P.; Lopes, C.; Pinho, P. G. de; Hogg, T.
- Folate and folic acid in the periconceptional period: recommendations from official health organizations in 36 countries worldwide and WHOPublication . Gomes, Sandra; Lopes, Carla; Pinto, ElisabeteObjective: To summarize the recommendations on folate intake and folic acid supplementation and fortification in the periconceptional period, aimed at prevention of neural tube defects (NTD), provided by official health organizations in different countries worldwide and WHO. Design: Information on recommendations for folate and folic acid intake in the periconceptional period was gathered from the websites of official national health organizations of several countries worldwide and from the WHO website. Setting: WHO, selected developed countries and emerging economies, totalling thirty-six countries worldwide (some European, BRICS, G8, Asian Tiger/Asian Dragon and Australia). Results: Recommendations differ between countries, although the majority (69·4 %) recommend a healthy diet plus a folic acid supplement of 400 μg/d from preconception (4–12 weeks) until the end of the first trimester of pregnancy (8–12 weeks). The same recommendation is issued by the WHO. Dosages for women at high risk of NTD are up to 4–5 mg/d (for 41·7 % of studied countries). The recommended intake for folate is in the range of 300–400 μg/d for women of childbearing age and 500–600 μg/d for pregnant women in different countries and WHO. Five countries emphasize the importance of a healthy diet rendering supplementation needless. By contrast, five others advise a healthy diet and supplementation plus mandatory fortification. Only one mentions the importance of ensuring an adequate folate status and refers to checking with a health-care provider on the need for supplements. Conclusions: Different recommendations regarding folate and folic acid, seeking NTD prevention, are available worldwide; however, most countries and WHO focus on a healthy diet and folic acid supplementation of 400 μg/d periconceptionally.
- The influence of socioeconomic factors and family context on energy-dense food consumption among 2-year-old childrenPublication . Vilela, S.; Oliveira, A.; Pinto, E.; Moreira, P.; Barros, H.; Lopes, C.BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adverse effect on health has been described for a high consumption of energy-dense food, among children and adults. Limited research has been performed among pre-school children. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between socioeconomic characteristics and family structure, and the consumption of energy-dense food among 2-year-old children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study sample includes 808 2-year-old children from the Portuguese birth cohort Generation XXI with information on food consumption. Data were obtained from questionnaires administered by interviewers to parents. Based on a food frequency questionnaire, four groups of energy-dense food were defined: soft drinks (sweetened drinks), sweets (chocolate and candies), cakes (creamy and not creamy cakes and sweet pastry) and salty snacks (crisps, pizza and burger). Multinomial logistic regression models (odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals) were fitted to estimate the associations. RESULTS: Intakes of energy-dense food were much lower than in similar aged children in other Westernized countries. Maternal age and education, grandparents' education, household income and maternal occupation were inversely associated with the consumption of energy-dense food, particularly soft drinks and sweets. Children with older siblings were more likely to have a daily consumption of any energy-dense food. Few significant associations were found between socioeconomic characteristics and family structure and consumption of cakes and sweets less than once a week. CONCLUSION: High socioeconomic characteristics were associated with lower consumption of energy-dense food by 2-year-old children, mainly soft drinks and sweets. This influence is not only from parents' background but also from the preceding generations.
- Associação entre a composição corporal em crianças até aos 36 meses e a dos progenitores: EPACI Portugal 2012Publication . Nazareth, Margarida; Pinto, Elisabete; Lopes, Carla; Graça, Pedro; Rego, Carla
- A diversity profile from the staphylococcal community on atopic dermatitis skin: a molecular approachPublication . Soares, J.; Lopes, C.; Tavaria, Freni; Delgado, L.; Pintado, M.AimsThe aim of this study was to determine the biodiversity of the skin staphylococcal community from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and superantigen (SAg) detection from Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Methods and ResultsIn this study, we developed a novel multiplex PCR that allows the identification and discrimination of bacteria belonging to the Staphylococcus genus both Staph.aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus - Staph.capitis, Staph.epidermidis, Staph.haemolyticus and Staph.hominis isolated from the skin of patients with AD. In addition, a multiplex PCR assay that allows the rapid screening of the 19 genes that encode staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), SE-like toxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 was also performed and applied in Staph.aureus isolates. The microflora of the skin of patients with AD was dominated by Staph.aureus (69 isolates, 356%) followed by Staph.epidermidis (59 isolates, 304%) species. The SElM and SElN genes were the most frequently detected in our study (15 isolates, 714%), followed by SEG and SElO (14 isolates, 667%). Conclusions Our molecular-based approach successfully identified the staphylococcal microflora that was relatively specific to patients with AD. Considering skin colonization and expression of virulence factors, the Staph.aureus may play a relevant role in AD pathophysiology. Significance and Impact of the StudyThis ability to classify disease-related microbial species provides new insights into the relevance of those microbes in human disorders.
- Characterization for enterotoxin production, virulence factors, and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various foods in PortugalPublication . Pereira, V.; Lopes, C.; Castro, A.; Silva, J.; Gibbs, P.; Teixeira, P.Staphylococcus aureus represents a public health challenge worldwide. The aim of this study was the characterization of different food isolates of S. aureus on the basis of their production of enterotoxins, hemolysins and resistance to antibiotics. A total of 148 coagulase-positive staphylococcal strains isolated from different food origins were identified to the species level. By multiplex PCR, 69% of the isolates were shown to be enterotoxigenic (SEs); the most common were sea seg, sea seg sei and seg sei. According to CLSI [CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2007. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Fifteenth Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S15. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA], 38% of the isolates were resistant to oxacillin ( 6 mg/mL; MRSA positives) but only 0.68% showed the presence of mecA gene. 70 and 73% of the S. aureus strains were resistant to b-lactams, ampicillin and penicillin, respectively. The virulence pattern was demonstrated to be origin and strain dependent. These findings emphasise the need to prevent the presence of S. aureus strains and SEs production in foods
- Determinantes da selecção do alimento com o qual se inicia a diversificação alimentar: resultados do EPACI Portugal 2012Publication . Pinto, Elisabete; Nazareth, Margarida; Lopes, Carla; Graça, Pedro; Rego, Carla