Browsing by Author "Silva, Augusto Soares da"
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- 35 anos de teoria da metáfora conceptual: fundamentos, problemas e novos rumosPublication . Silva, Augusto Soares da; Leite, Jan Edson Rodrigues
- Competition of synonyms through time: conceptual and social salience factors and their interrelationsPublication . Silva, Augusto Soares daThis paper highlights three theoretical and descriptive insights into synonymy and lexical variation and change: (1) the diachronic development of synonymous forms reveals essential aspects about the nature and motivations of synonymy; (2) the emergence and competition of synonymous forms can either result from conceptual salience factors or from social salience factors; (3) synonym competition sheds light upon processes of language variation and change. Focusing on the interplay between conceptual and social aspects of language variation and change, this study subscribes to the framework of Cognitive Sociolinguistics, an emerging extension of Cognitive Linguistics as a meaning-oriented and usage-based approach to language. Two corpus-based case studies in lexical synonymics of Portuguese will be presented. The first case study shows the semantic development of the verb deixar 'to leave, to let' from Old to Modern Portuguese and its most competitive synonyms, namely abandonar 'to abandon' and permitir 'to allow'. The second case study includes the development of four dozens of sets of denotational synonymous nouns selected from the lexical fields of football and clothing in European and Brazilian Portuguese in the last 60 years. The two diachronic studies show essential aspects of synonymy and lexical variation and change.
- Complexity, variation and meaning: an integrated view on language and cognitionPublication . Silva, Augusto Soares daThe complexity of the linguistic system, the variability of meaning and the interindividuality of human cognition are intimately related. By examining language in its effective usage, we cannot help but recognize its great variability and heterogeneity, and one must correlate social variation with conceptual variation. When investigating the variability of meaning, one cannot neglect sociolinguistic variation as one of the factors of this variability, and it becomes inevitable to meet the multidimensionality of meaning in the confluence of its social and conceptual dimensions and in the correlation among perception, action and interaction. Understanding cognition as socioculturally situated makes it inevitable to integrate the social, cultural and interactional aspects in the analysis not only of cognitive capacities in general but also of language. In this study, we attempt to articulate the idea of language as a complex dynamic system with the ascertainment of the intrinsic flexibility of linguistic meaning, which has prototypicality as one of its greater manifestations, and we identify the need for the integration of conceptual and social aspects of language and cognition. We follow the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics, and we argue for the need of advanced multivariate methods that can adequately approach language as a complex dynamic system and a multidimensionality of linguistic meaning.
- Conceptualização, cenários metafóricos e interculturalidade na análise sociocognitiva e crítica de fenômenos políticos e sociaisPublication . Musolff, Andreas; Saliés, Tânia Gastão; Silva, Augusto Soares daO Professor Andreas Musolff é um distinto Professor Pesquisador de Comunicação Intercultural na Universidade de East Anglia, Reino Unido. Ele é considerado um dos primeiros estudiosos a pesquisar linguagem e comunicação dentro de uma linguística cognitiva, estrutura sociocultural/discursiva. Nesse esforço, Musolff promoveu a sinergia entre a Análise Crítica do Discurso e a Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual, defendendo as raízes culturais das metáforas e a cognição social. Ele já ensinou nas Universidades de Dűsseldorf e Londres e foi Visiting Fellow no Truman Institute, Hebrew University em Jerusalém e na Queen Mary University of London. Musolff é um homem de vastos interesses intelectuais que tem demonstrado um talento notável para aplicar os conceitos da Linguística Cognitiva a outros campos do conhecimento, incluindo: Ciência Política, Comunicação Intercultural, Filosofia, Semântica Histórica, Psicolinguística, Sociolinguística, Antropologia Linguística, Pragmática e Linguística Aplicada. Sua pesquisa mais recente explora metáforas de competição no contexto do COVID-19 (2022), uso de metáforas no discurso político transculturalmente (2021), linguagem e racismo (2019) e provérbios (2020) na comunicação cotidiana. O professor Musolff teve a gentileza de aceitar nosso convite para esta entrevista. Suas palavras certamente inspirarão nossa reflexão crítica e agenda de pesquisa.
- Construções reflexiva, recíproca e média de clítico nulo no português brasileiro: reconceptualização de eventos e emergência de uma nova construçãoPublication . Silva, Augusto Soares da; Afonso, SusanaAs construções de se em português distribuem-se por um contínuo de transitividade e apresentam uma alternativa construcional caracterizada pela ausência do clítico. A construção de clítico nulo, presente em todas as construções de se (reflexiva, recíproca, média, anticausativa, passiva e impessoal), é mais frequentemente usada no português brasileiro (PB) do que no português europeu (PE). As construções de clítico nulo têm sido estudadas de um ponto de vista essencialmente morfossintático, como resultado de uma mudança em curso no PB de perda generalizada dos clíticos, desconsiderando as possíveis implicações de diferenciação semântica entre construções de se explícito e construções de se nulo. Este estudo ocupa-se das construções de se reflexiva, recíproca e média no PB e pretende identificar os fatores que determinam a escolha entre presença e ausência do clítico nestas construções. Com base numa análise qualitativa detalhada de traços de uso e de perfis e utilizando métodos quantitativos multivariados, mostramos que as construções reflexiva, recíproca e média de se nulo estão associadas a uma reconceptualização do evento como não energético ou absoluto, focalizando o resultado desse evento. Em contrapartida, a alternativa construcional com o clítico explícito focaliza o momento crucial da mudança, exprimindo assim o padrão mais esperado de conceptualização do evento como energético. Os eventos reflexivos e recíprocos são mais frequentemente codificados pela construção de se explícito, ao passo que o evento médio, em todas as suas subcategorias, é mais frequentemente codificado pela construção de clítico nulo. Evidencia-se assim que as construções reflexiva, recíproca e média de se nulo constituem novas construções semanticamente diferenciadas das construções de se explícito. Analisamos, na parte final deste estudo, as implicações deste resultado para a gramática do PB, designadamente a reconceptualização dos padrões de voz no PB e a sua tendência para a ergativização.
- Constructional changes in Brazilian Portuguese in the 20th century: two cases of linguistic deletionPublication . Silva, Augusto Soares daThis chapter analyzes two constructional changes by deletion of linguistic elements in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) in the 20th century, namely, the null clitic se constructions (specifically, reflexive, reciprocal, middle, anticausative, passive, and impersonal constructions) and the chopping relative construction, as two relevant manifestations of the recent standardization of the BP variety diverging from European Portuguese (EP). Based on a usage-feature and profile-based analysis and adopting a sociocognitive view of language, especially Cognitive Grammar, this study shows that the deletion of the clitic se conveys a shift to a nonenergetic, absolute construal of the event, and that the deletion of the preposition correlates with the grammaticalization of the relative pronoun que and highlights the accessibility of the nominal antecedent. Three contributions to research on language change are stressed: changes by deletion generate new constructions with their own meanings; synchronic constructional alternation, such as the one existing in BP between overt and null se constructions and the one already nonexistent in BP but existing in EP between pied-piping and chopping constructions, allows simulation of the diachronic constructional change in real time; and successful media from the mid-20th century onward, such as TV Globo for the huge Brazilian population, play a central role in language change and standardization.
- Construing factivity: mood alternations in epistemic contextsPublication . Vieira, Pedro Pulquério; Silva, Augusto Soares da; Geeraerts, DirkThis paper argues that the semantic contrast between the European Portuguese indicative and subjunctive moods, in complement clauses introduced by epistemic verbs, is related to one of the most fundamental principles of Cognitive Grammar, which states that different choices regarding the way of conveying one’s perspective about a certain aspect of the world-different construals-also result in different meanings. Specifically, it will be shown that different mood construals will reflect different levels of commitment towards the complement clause’s epistemic factivity, as it is addressed in Cognitive Grammar: factivity is the degree of identification of the virtual circumstances of enunciation evoked by the complement clause and the actual ones. The indicative is selected to convey a strong commitment towards the complement’s factivity whereas the subjunctive attenuates the complement’s factivity.
- Construing factivity: mood alternations in epistemic contextsPublication . Vieira, Pedro Pulquério; Silva, Augusto Soares da; Geeraerts, DirkThis paper argues that the semantic contrast between the European Portuguese indicative and subjunctive moods, in complement clauses introduced by epistemic verbs, is related to one of the most fundamental principles of Cognitive Grammar, which states that different choices regarding the way of conveying one’s perspective about a certain aspect of the world — different construals — also result in different meanings. Specifically, it will be shown that different mood construals will reflect different levels of commitment towards the complement clause’s epistemic factivity, as it is addressed in Cognitive Grammar: factivity is the degree of identification of the virtual circumstances of enunciation evoked by the complement clause and the actual ones. The indicative is selected to convey a strong commitment towards the complement’s factivity whereas the subjunctive attenuates the complement’s factivity.
- Emoções, cognição e variação intralinguística e culturalPublication . Silva, Augusto Soares daA hipótese central do presente estudo é a ideia de que as emoções têm uma base biológica, mas são social e culturalmente construídas. Como experiências fisiológicas condicionadas pela cultura e intersubjetivamente manifestadas, as emoções são permeáveis à variação social e a influências culturais. O modo como as emoções são conceptualizadas, percebidas, experienciadas, comunicadas, (não) controladas e avaliadas pode diferir entre sociedades e culturas e não só entre línguas diferentes como também dentro da mesma língua. Este estudo explora a conceptualização cultural das emoções nas duas principais variedades nacionais do português, isto é, português europeu (PE) e português brasileiro (PB). Assumindo uma perspetiva sociocognitiva da linguagem e implementando uma metodologia baseada em corpus e em perfis, o estudo integra uma análise qualitativa multifatorial, em termos de perfis onomasiológicos de traços semânticos e de metáforas conceptuais, de mais de um milhar de exemplos de raiva , orgulho e amor, extraídos de um corpus de blogues, e uma subsequente análise quantitativa multivariada. As diferenças na estruturação conceptual e na representação metafórica destas emoções entre PE e PB correlacionam-se com a cultura relativamente mais individualista e emocionalmente mais expressiva do Brasil e a cultura portuguesa, comparativamente mais coletivista. Os resultados do presente estudo trazem evidências empíricas sobre a variabilidade cultural das emoções numa mesma língua pluricêntrica e, num plano mais geral, sobre a interação entre emoção, linguagem, cognição e cultura e a importância da chamada “viragem social e empírica” da Linguística Cognitiva.
- Empréstimo lexical, conceptualização e variação: para a abordagem sociocognitiva e socioletométrica dos estrangeirismos no portuguêsPublication . Silva, Augusto Soares daThis paper first advocates an onomasiological, concept-based and socio-cognitive approach to lexical borrowing, expanding the current loanword research from lexical items towards concepts. Second, it presents a corpus-based and concept-based sociolectometrical study on differences in the use of loanwords in European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese and their impact on diachronic lexical variation between the two national varieties. In the first part, the main topics and contributions of the Cognitive Sociolinguistic perspective on borrowability, and concept-based sociolectometrical methods of measuring variation in the success of loanwords are highlighted. In the second part, English and French loanwords in the field of football and clothing terminologies are analyzed through possible receptor Portuguese equivalents and advanced corpus-based sociolectometrical measures, such as featural measures (calculating the proportion of terms possessing a special feature) and uniformity measures (calculating onomasiological homogeneity and convergence/divergence between language varieties). These measures are based on onomasiological profiles, i.e. sets of alternative synonymous terms, together with their frequencies. As a development of our previous research on lexical convergence and divergence between European and Brazilian Portuguese (Soares da Silva 2010), the data include thousands of observations of the usage of alternative terms to refer to 43 football and clothing concepts. Corpus material was extracted from sports newspapers and fashion magazines from the 1950s, 1970s and 1990s/2000s, Internet chats related to football, and labels and price tags pictured from clothes shop windows. Football and clothing concepts confirm the hypothesis that the influence of foreign languages is stronger in the Brazilian variety than in the European variety. The use of loanwords has contributed towards onomasiological heterogeneity within and across the two national varieties in the last 60 years.