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- Ética e formação inicial dos educadores sociais : o caso portuguêsPublication . Machado, Renata Liliana Monteiro dos Santos; Baptista, Isabel Maria de CarvalhoEste trabalho apresenta resultados de uma investigação sobre “Ética e Formação Inicial de Educadores Sociais – o caso português”, realizada no âmbito do programa de doutoramento em ciências da educação, tendo sido elaborado por artigos, em conformidade com o Regulamento da FEP/UCP. Nesse sentido, encontra-se organizado em três partes, cada uma delas referente a um artigo submetido e/ou publicado, respeitantes, respetivamente, a três momentos do nosso estudo. A Educação Social corresponde a uma área de conhecimento e de ação inserida no campo epistemológico da Pedagogia Social, enquanto ciência da educação referente aos processos de formação ao longo da vida, desenvolvida numa perspetiva de inclusão e solidariedade social (Carvalho & Baptista, 2004). Dentro deste campo pedagógico-educacional, a Educação Social define-se pela intervenção prioritária especializada às pessoas e grupos humanos vulneráveis, concretizada por profissionais devidamente qualificados, os educadores sociais. Ou seja, estamos perante necessidades de formação e qualificação profissional particularmente exigentes, onde as questões éticas ocupam um lugar primordial. Neste pressuposto, quisemos perceber qual o lugar da Ética na formação inicial dos educadores sociais portugueses, tendo por base o mapeamento das instituições de Ensino Superior, com oferta formativa na área da Educação Social. Para responder a esta questão central de estudo, optou-se por um processo de revisão bibliográfica assente em três núcleos teóricos essenciais, Pedagogia Social-Educação Social e Ética Educacional recorrendo, sobretudo, ao pensamento dos autores nacionais, adotando uma visão triádica da ética, simultaneamente teleológica, deontológica e pragmática. Ainda neste contexto, procedeu-se à contextualização histórica e normativa relativa à formação inicial em Educação Social no nosso país. Do ponto de vista empírico, optou-se por uma estratégia de desenvolvimento enquadrada por uma abordagem de caráter qualitativo, com recurso à consulta documental e inquirição direta de atores, feita através de grupo de discussão focalizada. Esta estratégia permitiu-nos responder a três objetivos operacionais fundamentais, referentes às três dimensões de ética consideradas, sendo o primeiro sobre o lugar da Ética nos planos curriculares do 1º ciclo de estudos em Educação Social, o segundo sobre o património ético-deontológico dos educadores sociais portugueses, tendo por base as instituições mapeadas e as comunidades cientifico-profissionais de referência, o terceiro sobre as perceções dos próprios educadores sociais, em relação à sua formação ética. Assim, conforme se expõe no primeiro capítulo/artigo, pudemos constatar que, de um modo geral, a formação ética está contemplada nos planos de estudo, embora com peso curricular diferenciado. Em termos concetuais, esta formação encontra-se alinhada com as conceções teóricas privilegiadas pelos autores nacionais, evidenciando uma matriz humanista, relacional e orientada para o desenvolvimento de competências de ética aplicada. Relativamente ao património ético-deontológico e, no que diz concretamente respeito às comunidades cientifico-profissionais, foi possível identificar e analisar documentos explícitos de regulação prática. O mesmo não aconteceu no plano institucional, tal como surge exposto. Em termos gerais, concluiu-se que o património que existe é rico e diversificado, mas ainda pouco consistente, evidenciando processos em desenvolvimento. No que diz respeito à perceção dos atores, pudemos compreender que os educadores sociais reconhecem e valorizam a importância das questões éticas na sua vida profissional, reclamando uma formação mais próxima das suas práticas. A análise cruzada destas conclusões principais permitiu reforçar a nossa posição inicial sobre a importância da formação ética dos educadores sociais, como parte integrante e substantiva da sua identidade profissional, devendo como tal ocupar um lugar relevante nos planos de estudo da formação inicial, desenvolvidos em estreita ligação com os contextos de prática e com programas consequentes de formação contínua.
- Constructional changes in Brazilian Portuguese in the 20th century: two cases of linguistic deletionPublication . Silva, Augusto Soares daThis chapter analyzes two constructional changes by deletion of linguistic elements in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) in the 20th century, namely, the null clitic se constructions (specifically, reflexive, reciprocal, middle, anticausative, passive, and impersonal constructions) and the chopping relative construction, as two relevant manifestations of the recent standardization of the BP variety diverging from European Portuguese (EP). Based on a usage-feature and profile-based analysis and adopting a sociocognitive view of language, especially Cognitive Grammar, this study shows that the deletion of the clitic se conveys a shift to a nonenergetic, absolute construal of the event, and that the deletion of the preposition correlates with the grammaticalization of the relative pronoun que and highlights the accessibility of the nominal antecedent. Three contributions to research on language change are stressed: changes by deletion generate new constructions with their own meanings; synchronic constructional alternation, such as the one existing in BP between overt and null se constructions and the one already nonexistent in BP but existing in EP between pied-piping and chopping constructions, allows simulation of the diachronic constructional change in real time; and successful media from the mid-20th century onward, such as TV Globo for the huge Brazilian population, play a central role in language change and standardization.
- Design of natural and sustainable ingredients from sugarcane byproducts for cosmetic and skin care industryPublication . Carvalho, Maria João Coimbra Branco de; Madureira, Ana Raquel Mendes Ferreira Monteiro; Oliveira, Ana Lúcia da Silva; Pedrosa, Sílvia Marlene Almeida SantosSugarcane straw is a byproduct of sugar and ethanol production. This material is rich in phenolic compounds, known to have bioactive properties, including antimicrobial and antioxidant, which make them attractive for developing natural and sustainable ingredients for the cosmetic industry, namely preservative and anti-aging ingredients. However, the processing and use of sugarcane straw extracts for the cosmetic industry is yet unknown. Also, the bioactive properties of a sugarcane extract enriched with phenolic compounds need to be investigated in the event of being interesting for cosmetic industry. The safety of these ingredients on the skin and their impact on skin microbiota, which are fundamental to skin health, remains to be assessed. To assess the impact on the skin microbiota, less expensive and time-consuming techniques need to be developed. Thus, the main objectives of this thesis are 1) develop and optimize a process of extraction and purification of phenolic compounds from sugarcane straw; 2) develop a cosmetic ingredient based on the extract; 3) assess the preservative and anti-aging properties both in vitro and in vivo, as well as their capacity for dermal permeation.; 4) develop an in vitro preclinical model to test cosmetic ingredients on the skin microbiota; and 5) test the impact of the sugarcane straw extract-based ingredient on the skin microbiota. Initially an extraction and purification process to obtain the phenolic compounds from sugarcane straw was developed. After ethanolic extraction of the phenolic compounds, amberlite XAD-2 resin was used for purification of the extract. The purified extract was analyzed, resulting in the identification of 54 secondary metabolites, mainly hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavones. The main compounds detected were chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid and 3-O-feruloylquinic acid. Purification aimed to reduce the sugar content, and after, only a small number of monosaccharides, such as glucose, cellobiose and xylose + arabinose, were detected in the extracts. Additionally, the extracts displayed antioxidant activity, measured by ABTS and DPPH methods. Subsequently, the development of a cosmetic ingredient based on the phenolic compounds extract aimed to improve the solubility of the dry extract powder, and for that purpose, different cosmetic solvents (1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, dipropylene glycol and 1,5-pentanediol) were tested. The antimicrobial activity of the solubilized ingredients was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. 1,2-Hexanediol afforded the ingredient with the best antimicrobial performance, with a minimum inhibitory concentration between 5 and 3 % (w/v), being the first compliant with USP 51 standards for cosmetic preservatives. The resulting ingredient formulation was chosen for further testing. Regarding the anti-aging properties of the engineered cosmetic ingredient, it was able to inhibit elastase (55 %), collagenase (25 %) and tyrosinase (47 %) and promote the hyaluronic acid production in fibroblasts (HDF) at non-cytotoxic and low-sensitization concentrations. Additionally, the ingredient reduced the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-6 in immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) exposed to urban pollution particles. The ingredient's ability to permeate the skin was tested on a synthetic membrane that simulates the different layers of the skin, and around 67 % of the phenolic compounds present in the ingredient formulation remained on the surface of the skin, indicating that the ingredient has low dermal permeation. Sugarcane straw extract-based ingredient was incorporated in O/W and W/O emulsions and its stability was assessed in accelerated conditions following ISO/TR18811 directive. The anti-aging performance was evaluated in a cosmetic clinical trial, and the findings were verified by an external entity. This external evaluation not only covered the same parameters but also included assessments for anti-wrinkle effects, skin roughness, and elasticity. In summary, the ingredient did not enhance skin hydration, firmness, or exhibit significant anti-wrinkle or firming effects. Nevertheless, it was well-received and well-tolerated by the study participants. Finally, a preclinical in vitro skin microbiota model was developed, with test conditions optimized and validated using a reference ingredient with known in vivo data. The sugarcane straw extract-derived ingredient was then assessed using skin microbiota samples from 12 healthy volunteers, with microbial group impact analyzed through qPCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS). These results aligned with the manufacturer's in vivo findings, thus affirming the validity of the in vitro model. Sugarcane straw extract-based ingredient was found to have no effect on community α-diversity, although affected the relative abundance of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Thus, in this thesis, a purified extract from sugarcane straw rich in phenolic compounds was obtained and formulated to develop a cosmetic ingredient that has been shown to have preservative and anti-aging properties in vitro. Furthermore, a preclinical in vitro model was developed and validated as a tool for evaluating the impact of new cosmetic ingredients on the skin microbiota.
- Os deveres jurídicos das Instituições Financeiras ao abrigo do SFDR : regulamento (UE) 2019/2088 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 27 de novembro de 2019, relativo à divulgação de informações relacionadas com a sustentabilidade no setor dos serviços financeirosPublication . Cordeiro, Ana Mafalda Santos; Martins, Paulo câmara Pires dos SantosO escopo deste trabalho prende-se com a análise aos deveres jurídicos das instituições financeiras ao abrigo do Regulamento SFDR, que estabelece requisitos harmonizados de transparência aplicáveis aos intervenientes no mercado financeiro e aos consultores financeiros no que diz respeito à integração dos riscos em matéria de sustentabilidade, bem como à consideração dos principais impactos negativos para a sustentabilidade nos seus processos. Com efeito, consagram deveres de informação relacionadas com a sustentabilidade a nível da entidade e dos produtos financeiros, que devem ser divulgados no âmbito das informações pré-contratuais, nos relatórios periódicos, e nos sítios Web.
- Evolution and reinforcement of regime propaganda in the 'Panorama' program on Belarus 1 TV Channel : a pre- and post-Russian-Ukrainian war analysisPublication . Vincho, Anastasiya; Ribeiro, Nelson CostaThis thesis examines the transformation of propaganda narratives within Belarusian state media, focusing on the "Panorama" program aired on Belarus 1 television, in the aftermath of Russia's military intervention in Ukraine in 2022. Drawing from extensive research, including the "Media IQ" project and insights from Belarusian experts, the study investigates how Belarusian state media shifted its coverage of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, departing from its prior stance of information sovereignty. The analysis reveals a notable increase in negative portrayals of Ukrainian matters and a decrease in positive coverage of Russian subjects, aligning closely with Belarusian authorities' positions. Additionally, the study highlights the strategic use of World War II imagery to depict Ukraine as an adversary and explores how generational differences contribute to the prevalence of state-controlled media in Belarus. A mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative content analysis and qualitative interviews, provides a nuanced understanding of propaganda dynamics in Belarus. While the study acknowledges limitations related to its timeframe and data sources, it offers valuable insights into propaganda's role in shaping public opinion and calls for longitudinal studies, diverse media sources, media literacy programs, and transparency and accountability within media organizations. Ultimately, this research serves as a starting point for further exploration of propaganda in authoritarian contexts, emphasizing the importance of truth and transparency in an era where information is a potent tool.