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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A presente dissertação aborda a problemática da liberdade de expressão e das fake news no quadro dos Direitos Humanos e do Estado de Direito. O nosso objetivo passa por refletir sobre a forma como a liberdade de expressão fica condicionada, no seu equilíbrio, entre o direito ao respeito da vida privada e de difusão de notícias falsas, que constitui, hoje, um dos maiores problemas que condiciona o diálogo entre os tradicionais meios de comunicação e os vários agentes de ação política. A realidade introduzida pelas redes sociais transformou o modo de fazer e estar na esfera política. No início do século XXI, as redes sociais adquiriram uma exigência de escrutínio da sociedade, ultrapassando a tradicional observância do princípio da separação de poderes. Neste turbilhão de acontecimentos, as chamadas notícias falsas adquiriram um estatuto com grande impacto na sociedade, criando as condições para a introdução de novos discursos e causas na ação política. A eleição do Presidente Donald Trump veio alterar a balança dos comportamentos políticos, pelo recurso sistemático à utilização da rede social Twitter como meio de comunicação, abrindo assim o caminho a formas de fazer política assente em realidades alternativas. A leitura da liberdade de expressão numa sociedade democrática e aberta perante esta ameaça, produzida e difundida nas redes sociais, colocou em crise a mesma na sua dimensão de direitos humanos. Na procura de uma nova ética no comportamento político parece que a Carta Portuguesa dos Direitos Humanos na Era Digital, recentemente aprovada pelo Parlamento, veio adensar mais polémica a este problema. Enquanto uma matéria ainda pouco desenvolvida no quadro normativo, o resultado parece apontar para a necessidade de uma maior autorregulação, de modo a resolver a questão das notícias falsas.
This thesis addresses the issue of freedom of expression and fake news in the context of Human Rights and the Rule of Law. Our goal is to reflect on how freedom of expression is limited, in its balance, between the right to respect for private life and the dissemination of fake news, which constitutes, today, one of the biggest problems that the dialogue between the traditional media and the various agents of political action faces. The reality set forth by social media transformed the way of being in the political sphere. In the beginning of the 21st century, social media acquired a requirement for scrutiny by society, going beyond the tradicional compliance with the principle of the separation of powers. Amidst this turmoil of events, the so-called fake news, acquired a status with great impact on society, creating conditions for the appearance of new speeches and causes in politics. President Donald Trump’s election for office tipped the scale of political behavior, by systematically using Twitter as a means of communication, thus creating a new way to make policy based on alterate realities. The interpretation of freedom of expression in an open and democratic society facing this threat, created and disseminated on social media, has put itself in crisis as a fundamental human right. In search for a new ethics in political behavior, it seems as though the Portuguese Charter of Human Rights in the Digital Age, recently approved by the Parliament, served to add more controversy to this issue. As a subject still underdeveloped in the legal framework, the result seems to point to a need for greater self-regulation, in order to deal with the threat that are fake news.
This thesis addresses the issue of freedom of expression and fake news in the context of Human Rights and the Rule of Law. Our goal is to reflect on how freedom of expression is limited, in its balance, between the right to respect for private life and the dissemination of fake news, which constitutes, today, one of the biggest problems that the dialogue between the traditional media and the various agents of political action faces. The reality set forth by social media transformed the way of being in the political sphere. In the beginning of the 21st century, social media acquired a requirement for scrutiny by society, going beyond the tradicional compliance with the principle of the separation of powers. Amidst this turmoil of events, the so-called fake news, acquired a status with great impact on society, creating conditions for the appearance of new speeches and causes in politics. President Donald Trump’s election for office tipped the scale of political behavior, by systematically using Twitter as a means of communication, thus creating a new way to make policy based on alterate realities. The interpretation of freedom of expression in an open and democratic society facing this threat, created and disseminated on social media, has put itself in crisis as a fundamental human right. In search for a new ethics in political behavior, it seems as though the Portuguese Charter of Human Rights in the Digital Age, recently approved by the Parliament, served to add more controversy to this issue. As a subject still underdeveloped in the legal framework, the result seems to point to a need for greater self-regulation, in order to deal with the threat that are fake news.
Description
Keywords
Liberdade de expressão Notícias falsas Redes sociais Regulação Direitos humanos Freedom of expression Fake news Social media Regulation Human rights