CEID - Contribuições em Revistas Científicas / Contribution to Journals
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- Beyond growth: reshaping fisheries for a wellbeing economyPublication . Kelling, Ingrid; Bennett, Nathan; Barclay, Kate; Jeffs, Andrew; Pita, Cristina; Troll, Tobias; Krogh-Poulsen, Birgitte; Micha, Evgenia; Weston, Julia Cirne Lima; Black, Iain; Lawan, Ibrahim; Leeper, Alexandra; Pouw, Nicky; Siggs, Melanie; Wakita, K.; Wiese, KatarinaContemporary fisheries have been shaped by a paradigm of perpetual growth, characterized by increasing global production and consumption. While this growth has driven economic benefits and technological progress, it has jeopardized the sustainability of marine ecosystems, with implications for the long-term livelihoods and wellbeing of fishers, consumers and resource dependent coastal populations worldwide. This paper advocates for a shift beyond growth towards a wellbeing economy. It considers how five fundamental principles intrinsic to a wellbeing economy - purpose, nature, fairness, participation and dignity - can help reorient the fisheries sector. The paper then provides ten actionable recommendations for reshaping the composition and structure of economic activity in fisheries to enhance societal wellbeing and equity within ecological boundaries. In a world grappling with the consequences of unchecked economic growth, this paper offers insights into fostering a regenerative fisheries system that safeguards human prosperity and environmental integrity.
- Wybrane aspekty ewolucji procesu rozszerzania Unii Europejskiej z perspektywy prawnejPublication . Mazur, Sylwia KatarzynaThe aim of the article is to outline the evolution of the accession process to the European Union as an international organization per se. While issues related to a states’ membership in international organizations are among the fundamental topics of international law, the process of preparing a state for accession is not as widely discussed. In the case of the European Union, however, this process is crucial as it triggers the application of an evolving body of eu regulations and strengthens the eu’s position as a normative power
- The European Commission’s transfer pricing proposal: an initial legal assessmentPublication . Pistone, Pasquale; Nogueira, João Félix Pinto; Messina, Sergio; Turina, Alessandro; Lazarov, IvanThis article presents a preliminary legal evaluation of the proposed Council Directive on transfer pricing in the European Union. The authors express their appreciation for the European Commission’s ambitious initiative, which seeks to address disparities and distortions in tax competition across national legislation. However, they identify areas where improvement is needed to promote legal and tax certainty and simplify compliance, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the proposed Directive. Consequently, the authors suggest further work in specific areas to achieve the objective of positive integration.
- The European constitutional way to address disinformation in the age of artificial intelligencePublication . Gregorio, Giovanni De; Pollicino, OresteThe spread of disinformation, such as false and fabricated content, as amplified by the expansion of artificial intelligence systems, has captured the attention of policymakers on a global scale. However, addressing disinformation leads constitutional democracies towards questions about the scope of freedom of expression as the living core of a democratic society. If, on the one hand, this constitutional right has been considered a barrier to public authorities’ interferences to limit the circulation of disinformation, on the other hand, the spread of fabricated content and manipulative techniques, including deepfakes, has increasingly questioned liberal views. This constitutional challenge is further enriched by the role of online platforms which, by mediating speech in their online spaces, are essential tiles of a mosaic picturing the potential regulatory strategies and the limit of public enforcement to tackle disinformation. Within this framework, this work argues that the European constitutional approach to tackle disinformation has defined a unique model on a global scale. The European Union has developed a strategy that combines procedural safeguards, risk regulation, and co-regulation, as demonstrated by initiatives such as the Digital Services Act, the Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation, and the Artificial Intelligence Act. Positioned between liberal and illiberal models, the European approach proposes an alternative constitutional vision to address disinformation based on risk mitigation and the collaboration between public and private actors.
- Opinion statement ECJ-TF 3/2022 on the EFTA court decision of 1 June 2022 in Case E-3/21, PRA Group Europe, on the discriminatory interaction between the "interest barrier" and group contributionsPublication . Kemmeren, Eric; Prats, Alfredo; Haslehner, Werner; Heydt, Volker; Kofler, Georg; Nogueira, João; Lang, Michael; Panayi, Christiana HJI; Blétière, Emmanuel Raingeard de la; Raventos-Calvo, Stella; Richelle, Isabelle; Rust, Alexander; Shiers, RupertThis is an Opinion Statement prepared by the CFE ECJ Task Force on the PRA Group Europe case, in which the EFTA Court delivered its decision on 1 June 2022. At issue in PRA Group Europe was the interaction of the Norwegian "interest barrier rule" ("interest limitation rule"), which generally limit the deductibility of interest payments to affiliated resident and non-resident entities to 30% of EBITDA, and the group contribution rules, which permit tax effective transfers between group members, but are limited to Norwegian entities. As group contributions also increase the EBITDA of the recipient Norwegian entity (and decrease it at the level of the paying Norwegian entity), companies in the Norwegian tax group can achieve interest deductions under the interest barrier rules where profits ("tax EBITDA") and interest expenses are distributed unevenly between the companies in the group, while a similar opportunity to escape (or lessen the impact of) the interest barrier rules is not available to cross-border groups. The EFTA Court took a combined perspective on the interaction of those rules and found them to constitute an unjustified restriction of the freedom of establishment under Articles 31 and 34 of the EEA Agreement. The EFTA Court's decision is particularly interesting from an EU law perspective, as the interest barrier rule of Article 4 of the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD) similarly foresees the option for Member States to introduce a domestically-limited "interest barrier group" to permit a calculation of exceeding borrowing costs and the EBITD at the local group level. The CFE ECJ Task Force welcomes the EFTA Court's progressive impetus on fundamental freedoms doctrine: PRA Group Europe AS makes it clear that for purposes of identifying a restriction, for establishing comparability and for justification, a combined perspective on the interaction of two sets of rules – here the interest barrier on the one hand and the group contribution regime on the other – is necessary. From that perspective, the interaction of the Norwegian rules on the "interest barrier" and on group contributions leads to unjustified discrimination in cross-border situations. However, if asked to decide on a similar case, the CJEU might take a different approach. First, the CJEU could take a different perspective on the available grounds of justifications and, e.g., accept the coherence of the tax system as such ground. Second, Article 4 ATAD gives the Member States the option to treat an "interest barrier group" as a single taxpayer and to limit the group perspective to domestic settings. Even if such an option in the ATAD is not viewed as "exhaustive harmonization", one could wonder if the mere existence of the ATAD and the value judgments made by the EU legislature therein could lead to a different outcome in the EU (CJEU) vis-à-vis the EEA (EFTA Court).
- A burial without funeral: the demise of the Portuguese prefectPublication . Fábrica, Luís
- Who will advocate? The impact of decision 93/PUU-XX/2022 on article 433 Civil Code amendments for disability rights and legal protectionPublication . Nugroho, Harry; Utari, Indah Sri; Irawaty, Irawaty; Nugroho, Satrio Sakti; Ezzerouali, Souad; Sanni, TajudeenThe Constitutional Court of Indonesia’s Decision Number 93/PUU-XX/2022 marks a pivotal moment in disability rights by ruling that the terms “imbecile,” “mentally ill,” and “dark-eyed,” along with the word “must” in Article 433 of the Civil Code, are inconsistent with the 1945 Constitution. The Court replaced these derogatory terms with “persons with mental and/or intellectual disabilities” and revised “must” to “can,” signaling a shift toward a more rights-based approach. However, this legal amendment raises critical questions: Does it effectively balance guardianship proceedings with the rights and autonomy of persons with disabilities? And who will advocate for their protection and inclusion in the legal system? This study analyzes the decision’s implications, particularly its impact on the legal mechanisms available to individuals with mental and intellectual disabilities. Using a qualitative approach and a statutory analysis of the Civil Code, Law No. 8 of 2016 on Disability, Law No. 19 of 2011 on the Protection and Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the Constitutional Court ruling, this research evaluates the extent to which the amendments align with international human rights standards, such as the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). By placing Indonesia’s legal reforms in the broader international debate on disability rights, this study highlights the urgency of stronger advocacy and legal safeguards to prevent continued marginalization. The findings contribute to discussions on legal capacity, guardianship, and human dignity, offering insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and human rights advocates seeking to advance disability rights worldwide.
- Os desafios no cumprimento das obrigações na era da inteligência artificial (IA): a limitação convencional da responsabilidade civil na utilização destes novos mecanismosPublication . Pereira, Ana Sofia Portela de SáO artigo aborda o papel transformador da Inteligência Artificial (IA) nos diversos setores, destacando sua crescente relevância e os desafios jurídicos decorrentes de sua aplicação. Ferramentas como chatbots, sistemas avançados como o ChatGPT e tradutores automáticos são exemplos dessa "era de ouro" da IA, que oferece benefícios como maior eficiência, redução de erros e diminuição de custos. Contudo, esses avanços trazem riscos, como violações de propriedade intelectual, privacidade e problemas operacionais, que levantam questões no âmbito da responsabilidade civil.O foco do artigo está na dificuldade de adequar o regime jurídico português e europeu à realidade da IA, especialmente no que diz respeito à limitação de responsabilidade em contratos entre utilizadores e fornecedores ou naqueles executados por sistemas deIA. Questões fundamentais surgem: pode o direito civil considerar a IA capaz de discernir entre o lícito e o ilícito? É possível responsabilizar juridicamente esses sistemas? Caso contrário, sobre quem recairia a responsabilidade? As normas jurídicas atuais são suficientes para lidar com as especificidades dessa tecnologia?A investigação busca soluções jurídicas que superem a insuficiência dos regimes vigentes, equilibrando os direitos das partes e os riscos da IA. Utilizando uma metodologia documental, com análises de doutrina, jurisprudência e, eventualmente, dados comparativos, o estudo conclui que o direito português enfrenta limitações significativas. O artigo 809.º do Código Civil, que regula cláusulas de exclusão de responsabilidade, invalida aquelas envolvendo dolo ou culpa grave. Conforme Pinto Monteiro, cláusulas limitativas visam restringir responsabilidades que, sem previsão contratual, recairiam sobre o devedor, mas enfrentam restrições rigorosas impostas pela jurisprudência, incluindo pelo Supremo Tribunal de Justiça.Além disso, os regulamentos europeus, como os relativos a produtos defeituosos, mostram-se inadequados para abordar a complexidade da IA. O Artificial Intelligence Act(AIA), proposta da União Europeia, representa um marco embrionário, mas ainda insuficiente para regular os desafios jurídicos apresentados por sistemas de IA. O artigo conclui que soluções jurídicas atualizadas são indispensáveis para lidar com as especificidades e inovações dessa tecnologia disruptiva, garantindo um equilíbrio justo entre autonomia contratual e segurança jurídica.
- Editorial notePublication . Botelho, Catarina Santos; Rocha, Armando