CEID - Contribuições em Revistas Científicas / Contribution to Journals
URI permanente para esta coleção:
Navegar
Entradas recentes
- Deepfakes e prova digital na violência doméstica: os riscos da inteligência artificialPublication . Freitas, Pedro Miguel; Guerreiro, AnaContextualização: Os avanços recentes da inteligência artificial generativa têm introduzido novos desafios ao sistema de justiça penal, em particular no domínio da prova digital. Entre as aplicações mais problemáticas destacam-se os deepfakes, suscetíveis de induzir em erro quanto à sua autenticidade, especialmente em contextos de maior fragilidade probatória, como os crimes de violência doméstica. Objetivos: O presente estudo tem como objetivo geral compreender as perceções, experiências e práticas dos/as magistrados/as relativamente à admissibilidade e valoração da prova digital, com especial enfoque nos meios de prova audiovisual e nos riscos associados à sua eventual manipulação por tecnologias de inteligência artificial generativa. Métodos: Foi adotada uma abordagem qualitativa, recorrendo-se à realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas a oito magistrados/as, com experiência profissional em processos de violência doméstica. Resultados: Observaram-se limitações na deteção de elementos audiovisuais gerados ou manipulados por inteligência artificial. A autenticidade deste tipo de elementos (deepfakes) granjearam mais credibilidade que elementos autênticos. De todo o modo, embora a prova audiovisual seja considerada relevante, o depoimento da vítima continua sendo considerado a “prova rainha”.
- Restrictive measures and the fight against terrorism: recent lessons from the Court of Justice of the European UnionPublication . Martins, Patrícia FragosoThe current article is the result of the participation in an academic conference on the Charter of Fundamental Rights that took place at the Lisbon Law School in March, 2016. It was written in the aftermath of the Paris attacks of 2015 and it intends to reflect on the measures adopted by the EU within the “war on terror”. One of the most emblematic tools adopted by public authorities in this ambit is the so-called “restrictive measures” imposed by either in the context of the United Nations or by the EU institutions autonomously. The purpose of this contribution is to assess the legal nature of those measures, often designated as sanctions, in light of the recent case-law of the Courts of the European Union in this respect. After consideration of the contents, subjects, duration, nature and procedure for the adoption of said measures the article questions their admissibility in light of four main theories: (i) the criminal law of the enemy; (ii) state of exception; (iii) limitations to fundamental rights and balancing of conflicting interests, and (iv) the political questions doctrine.
- Um retrato do sistema português dos segredos de negócioPublication . Silva, Nuno Sousa e
- The transformation of European risk regulation: managing uncertainty and powers in the digital agePublication . Vargas, Mª Verónica; Gregorio, Giovanni deRisk regulation has increasingly expanded in European digital policy, yet it is diverging from its roots, especially the precautionary principle. Rather than traditionally focusing on scientific evidence and knowledge, the European approach to risk regulation has been increasingly based on constitutional values such as the protection of fundamental rights and democracy. This article seeks to unravel the logic that has led the Union to move from an approach to risk more based on science to a model which considers constitutional values as parameters to assess and mitigate risks. By focusing on European digital regulation, primarily the GDPR, the DSA and the AI Act, this work underlines how the constitutional rationale of this transformation comes as a response to the intangibility of risks resulting from digital technologies and to imbalances of information and knowledge coming from the concentration of private power in the digital ecosystem. The primary argument is that risk regulation in European digital policy does not seek to rationalise uncertainty through science but to govern epistemological uncertainty through the instruments of constitutionalism, with the goal of addressing the impact of digital technologies on fundamental rights and imbalances of power.
- Editorial notePublication . Rocha, Armando; Botelho, Catarina Santos
- Para uma política de proteção internacional compassivamente humana: asilo, igualdade e cooperativismoPublication . Pacheco, FátimaA política comum em matéria de asilo desenvolvida pela União Europeia alicerça-se no respeito pelos direitos fundamentais. Nesta medida, o direito de um requerente de proteção internacional permanecer ou residir num Estado deve ser acompanhado pelo reconhecimento de um estatuto migratório que lhe garanta o acesso a um conjunto de direitos que lhe permita viver condignamente. Acresce que o princípio da igualdade é estruturante da ordem jurídica da União e, tal como resulta do artigo 21.° da CDFUE, deve interpretado em conformidade com o artigo 14.° da CEDH, impondo a não discriminação dos beneficiários de proteção internacional. Serão, neste trabalho, apresentados os contornos gerais da política de asilo europeia, a importância do princípio da equiparação no quadro do seu funcionamento, e, tendo em conta as necessidades de inclusão destas pessoas, procurar-se-á saber se o cooperativismo – também aqui - poderá ser uma resposta para a eliminação da pobreza e da pressão migratória a que os Estados-membros têm estado sujeitos.
- Shape-dependent migration and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in nanocellulose-based food packagingPublication . Mendes, Ana Rita; Granadeiro, Carlos; Pereira, Eulália; Teixeira, Paula; Poças, FátimaThe application of nanotechnology in food packaging has attracted significant attention due to its potential to improve thermal, barrier and mechanical properties, offering active and intelligent systems. Combining nanomaterials with bio-based packaging materials extends the shelf life of food products, ensuring quality and safety, while contributing to reduced plastic use. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely studied in food packaging due to their diverse sizes and morphologies and high surface area, which provide unique properties such as antimicrobial activity, UV absorption, and safety, supported by positive evaluations from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The incorporation of ZnO NPs into different matrices has been explored to develop active packaging. When combined with nanocellulose (NC), ZnO NPs are reported to exhibit outstanding properties such as mechanical strength, UV protection and antibacterial activity. Despite the abundant literature research focusing on the use of ZnO NPs as an antimicrobial component in packaging materials, the effects of Zn migration, whether in ionic form (Zn²?) or as whole particles (ZnO NPs), into food systems remain underexplored. This project focuses on developing NC bionanocomposites incorporating distinct shapes of ZnO NPs for food packaging applications to control microbial hazards and understand the impact of Zn migration. ZnO NPs with spherical, flower and sheet morphologies were synthesized and characterized through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption for specific surface area determination. Antimicrobial activity of the NPs against E. coli and S. aureus at 4 and 22 ºC was also determined by viable cell count assay. The ZnO NPs were incorporated in NC by solvent casting method. The release of Zn from NC/ZnO films into food simulants (distilled water and 10% ethanol) was evaluated over 35 days at 6, 23 and 60 °C using atomic absorption spectrometry, following the separation of fractions containing ZnO NPs and Zn²? ions. The results indicate that Zn migration from the NC/ZnO films into food simulants is influenced by the shape and size of the ZnO NPs. Furthermore, differences between total and ionic zinc migration suggest the migration of ZnO in nanoform. Further research is required to accurately quantify nanoparticle migration and assess its safety in food packaging applications.
- Book review: The fight over digital rights: the politics of copyright and technologyPublication . Silva, Nuno Sousa e
- Book review: Cloud computing lawPublication . Silva, Nuno Sousa e
- O direito registral empresarialPublication . Antunes, José Engrácia