Percorrer por autor "Sousa, Márcia Dias"
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- Agency in (re)translating the Bible: the ‘hows’ and ‘whys’ of taking the ‘liberty’ of (re)creating the ‘untouchable’ sacred textsPublication . Sousa, Márcia DiasThe basis of this project is the re-appropriation of texts from the Catholic Bible in processes of both personal and institutional writing. The endeavor is to examine how two different authors (a literary and an institutional one) integrated specific biblical excerpts into their own discourses. The first is Colleen Carroll Campbell and her autobiographical work My Sisters the Saints: a Spiritual Memoir; the second is the Vatican and its official English version of Pope Paul VI’s speech as delivered before the United Nations General Assembly, in October 1965. Considering re-appropriation as a form of translation, and since the Bible is the most translated book in the world, both authors and their texts are considered (re)translators and (re)translations, respectively. The research will strive to understand how and why these authors took the “liberty” to change the biblical versions they admitted to have used as sources. Rhetorical criticism will be the methodological procedure followed, since there are several implied meanings involved in both works, deeply related to the contexts upon which each author’s narratives rely: Colleen Carroll Campbell’s personal life story and the historical, political context during the pontiff’s address to the UN. The study will be guided by the following research questions: (i) How did the authors re-appropriate excerpts from the Catholic Bible: what changes have they done when compared to the sources they indicated? (ii) Why did they pursue such re-appropriation: to facilitate the understanding of the biblical messages themselves by integrating them in a fluent, clear discourse, or to sustain their own specific messages with textual, ideological references? (iii) Would the authors promote a different interpretation of the excerpts had they abided by “official”, authenticated versions of the Bible instead? The concept of agency within Translation Studies will thus be the basis of this study.
- Global revolutions in the words expressed by Paul VI to the UN General Assembly: how the pontiff’s concerns and appeals were reinterpreted and retransmitted by translated news reportsPublication . Sousa, Márcia DiasIn October 1965, Pope Paul VI made History as the very first Catholic pontiff visiting the United Nations headquarters, in New York. In light of the Second Vatican Council, gathered at the time in Rome, he manifested both his and the Council’s concerns about the global revolutions that were shaping the world - namely, the wars of independence happening in Africa, the development of nuclear weapons by the two superpowers US and URSS, the civil rights movements, the dichotomy between the developed and the undeveloped world, among many others. In this paper, my aim is to illustrate how that historical visit was portrayed by the Portuguese press to a readership with a strong Catholic tradition. Based on André Lefevere's (1992) concept of "rewriting" as a form of translation, I will try to establish a parallel, first, between the Holy Father's speech at the UN General Assembly (UNGA) and what he had proclaimed (and still was) in light of the Council; second, between his words at that international forum and the reports published by a group of Portuguese newspapers necessarily sujected to strict press censorship measures defined and imposed by António de Oliveira Salazar's dictatorship, Estado Novo - a regime in which the Catholic Church was a strong pilar; yet, at the time, there was a tension between Salazar's colonialist aims and the Holy Father's support of any country's own independence. This latter communication circuit is going to be the most explored in this project. I will seek to understand how the messages conveyed by Pope Paul VI before the UNGA were (re)interpreted and (re)transmitted in the Portuguese press by means of translation processes and, in particular, what kind of ideological influence seems to have been more determinant: the frames settled by the State (thus, a political ideology) or the journalists' perspective about the(ir) Pope's official visit (in this case, a social and cultural ideology)? Ultimately, I hope to contribute to a thorough reflexion about the following: could we say that the rewriting of the Holy Father's worldviews in the press contributed to the promotion of the Second Council’s ideals in the Portuguese community? In what concerns the target context, I will establish a distinction between newspapers pro and against (or not manifestedly pro) the regime: Novidades and Diário de Notícias as pro-Estado Novo; Diário de Lisboa and O Primeiro de Janeiro on the other side of the equation.
- (In)formal discourses, (in)formal societies?: What the Popes’ portrait in the press can tell us about the importance attributed to the ChurchPublication . Sousa, Márcia DiasThe speeches delivered by the Popes in the United Nations General Assembly were broadly reported, especially in countries sharing the Catholic religious tradition, such as Portugal. These news reports represented processes of rewriting (Lefevere, 1992): of events which occurred in a foreign country, in foreign languages and in particular contexts of time and space, and in which contents “[have] been shaped for its receivers [and] mediated through several sets of filters” (Bielsa and Bassnett, 2009: 117). We consider that the textual representation of the pontiffs while source agents was part of such processes, since semantic choices reflect “a certain way of looking at the world, a certain ideology” (Lefevere, 1987: 273), thus they manifest news producers’ agency (Kinnuen and Koskinen, 2010). The designations of the Popes – varying from “His Holiness” and “Holy Father” to “Jorge Bergoglio” or “the Argentin” – also influence the reading of the pontifical (translated) messages in the whole, given that “[f]acts, objects and concepts acquire meaning only within a semiotic framework” (Lefevere, ibid.), thus it is the whole framework what determines how contents are interpreted. We propose to compare two of the most influent newspapers in Portugal (Diário de Notícias and Jornal de Notícias), in order to understand how differently the role of the Popes and the authority of the Catholic Church was translated by (in)formal designations of the pontiffs, and which major changes can we identify throughout time. We will focus on the first articles published about all five official papal visits in both newspapers.
- One text, two readings: cases of reframing the Popes’ words in the Portuguese pressPublication . Sousa, Márcia DiasUntil today, the Popes have spoken in the United Nations General Assembly in five occasions. There, they manifested their concerns about issues which somehow were disturbing peace: for instance, the nuclear arms race (in Paul VI’s pontificate), violations of human rights and of the rights of nations (in John Paul II’s), the failure of governments to protect their peoples (in Benedict XVI’s) and the environmental crisis together with social exclusion (in Pope Francis’). Although all these topics have been generally broadcasted, since they were crucial in the international agenda at each time, it is curious to realize that two of the most influent newspapers in Portugal – Diário de Notícias (DN) e Jornal de Notícias (JN) – did not entirely coincide in the rewriting (Lefevere, 1992) of these papal speeches for the Portuguese public. Not only did they present a particular selection of the subjects mentioned by the pontiffs before the UN representatives, so attributing more importance to some arguments than others; but they also rearranged the selected contents in a particular order, therefore reflecting (and promoting) a specific interpretation of the papal messages and of the events themselves. The aim of this paper is to present the contours of the reframing processes pursued by DN and JN of these official texts, looking for differences and similarities, changes and regularities – both synchronically and diachronically. The research will focus on the selection and the reordering of the source contents, as presented in the first news piece they published about each of the five Popes’ speeches. The inverted pyramid will serve as basis for the analysis and concepts such as “agenda-setting” (McCombs and Shaw, 1972), “frame” (Lakoff and Wehling, 2012), “ideology” (Lefevere, 1987, 1992) and “agency” (Kinnunen and Koskinen, 2010) will be crucial as theoretical framework.
- Portugal in the First World War: visual representations of the self and of the other in the pressPublication . Sousa, Márcia DiasHaving in mind the idiom ‘a picture is worth a thousand words’, I propose analyzing how the Portuguese illustrated press portrayed the national army’s intervention in the First World War. I will be comparing a pro-War magazine, Portugal na Guerra, with another not manifestly political, Ilustração Portugueza, both published in 1917. Taking a cultural anthropological perspective, I will seek to understand how they made notice of the event through visual representations, so allowing a largely illiterate population to acknowledge the military participation. Could their different political positioning manifest specific notions of Self and Other, thus, of national identity?
- The influence of memory and life experiences in the rewriting of the Bible: Agency as a(n) unconscious feature in (re)translationPublication . Sousa, Márcia DiasThis project aims to analyze how the Catholic Bible has been (re)translated in a particular creative writing process. The case study is Colleen Carroll Campbell’s autobiographical work My Sisters the Saints: a Spiritual Memoir, in which specific biblical excerpts have been integrated into the authorial discourse. The relation between translation and memory will be crucial in this analysis: on the one hand, the author was raised in a strong Catholic environment in which reciting the Bible was a daily habit. On the other hand, the biblical verses were conveyed in such a way as “to get the right feel” (as she confided in an interview), i.e. to accord with the (personal) narrative as a whole. That is to say that they were essentially based on her memories, even if that made her distance herself from the published, approved or well-established versions of the Catholic English Bible which she had defined as her major references. This paper focuses upon the notion of agency in order to examine how personal experiences can determine how an author chooses to (re)translate such “authoritative” texts as biblical verses, as well as the possible reasons and effects of the options taken – that is, the contours of the rewriting pursued.
- The influence of memory and life experiences on the rewriting of the Bible: agency as a(n) (un)conscious feature in (re)translationPublication . Sousa, Márcia DiasThis paper analyzes how the Catholic Bible has been (retranslated in a particular creative writing process. The case study is Colleen Carroll Campbell's autobiographical work My Sisters the Saints: A Spiritual Memoir, in which specific biblical excerpts are integrated into the authorial discourse. The relation between translation and memory will be crucial in this analysis: on the one hand, the author was raised in a strong Catholic environment in which reciting the Bible was a daily habit; on the other, the biblical verses were conveyed in such a way as "to get the right feel", i.e. to accord with the narrative as a whole. This paper focuses upon the notion of agency to examine how personal experiences can determine the way an author chooses to (re)translate such "authoritative" texts as biblical verses, and the possible reasons and effects of the options taken to analyse the contours of the rewriting pursued.
- Tracing back the process of (re)translation: when, in successive rewritings, change of meaning occursPublication . Sousa, Márcia DiasThis paper aims to analyze how a text can be submitted to several processes of translation before reaching its ultimate receivers. It is the case of news articles concerning international affairs, such as the papal visits to the United Nations General Assembly. Such events are usually transmitted through news agencies’ reports, particularly when target-contexts are geographically distant from the place where the event occurred. Alternatively, when the institutions concerned produce translations by their own services, as it happens in the UN, official translated versions are also made available for further consultation. This means that the media might use as source-text an already translated version either in their mother tongue or in a “common” international language (e.g. English). Their task is, then, to turn the “neutral”, precise discourse of such versions into a more “proper”, culturally and/or editorially-based tone. However, such formerly translated versions do not necessarily correspond to the contents as presented in the origin. In fact, taking the Catholic pontiff’s speeches delivered in the UN as an example, a thorough analysis of the excerpts and the transcripts published by the media might point out differences when comparing them to the official (source) versions. In the case of this study, tracing back the whole translation process - consulting the papal speeches (both in written and oral formats), the translated versions the media indicated as sources and the media’s published version -, it is noticeable how the official text was modified by the several (re)translators. In Translation Studies, this corresponds to the Manipulation School's claim that every translation is a rewriting, ideologically pursued in a target-oriented perspective. It is this broader understanding of translation that I will be assuming in this project. The focus will be placed on Pope Francis’ speech (the source text) and on the Portuguese prestigious newspaper Diário de Notícias (the target text). The endeavor will be, on the one hand, to clarify the biography of the translational process held in the journalistic field, which will hopefully lead to an understanding of when changes in meaning probably occurred; and, on the other, to identify possible reasons for the specific rewritings of each of these speeches, as well as probable effects of the translated versions among receivers.
- Translators' literacy: the (personal) 'backstage' of news translationPublication . Sousa, Márcia DiasThis paper focuses on the literacy of translators, specifically of news translators working for the Portuguese national broadcasting company, RTP. These professionals tend to be particularly «invisible» – as Lawrence Venuti puts it (Venuti 2000) – since receivers are not usually aware that, in audiovisual in general, contents have been subjected to a translation process. However, if (common) news translators “can, and often do, expand a text with explicatory details, or delete those parts which are deemed too unfamiliar and inaccessible to a target audience” (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009, 7), in television there is no time to do it. Indeed, an ethnographic study, developed last year in RTP, revealed that, in this company, such professionals seek to be as close as possible to the source texts –the audios and/or videos received from journalists. Yet, not only these primary contents are often sent without any further contextualization, but also there can be unexpected, on-the-moment events that need to be immediately broadcast. Therefore, these translators have to be linguistically proficient in several languages, as well as constantly aware of what is happening in the world, in different fields of society – even more than other translators, working with less “immediate” contents. In this way, this paper will discuss the translator’s intervention in the conception of news contents in RTP about international affairs. It will describe the very specific background and abilities of news translators – i e, their specific translatory literacy – and, ultimately, it will try to understand why, in television, news translation is such a demanding field for translators that “novice” do not usually start their professional experience in this domain.