Browsing by Author "Godinho, Cristina"
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- An ontology-based modelling system (OBMS) for representing behaviour change theories applied to 76 theoriesPublication . Hale, Joanna; West, Robert; Michie, Susan; Hastings, Janna; Lefevre, Carmen E.; Direito, Artur; Bohlen, Lauren Connell; Godinho, Cristina; Anderson, Niall; Zink, Silje; Groarke, HilaryBackground: To efficiently search, compare, test and integrate behaviour change theories, they need to be specified in a way that is clear, consistent and computable. An ontology-based modelling system (OBMS) has previously been shown to be able to represent five commonly used theories in this way. We aimed to assess whether the OBMS could be applied more widely and to create a database of behaviour change theories, their constructs and propositions. Methods: We labelled the constructs within 71 theories and used the OBMS to represent the relationships between the constructs. Diagrams of each theory were sent to authors or experts for feedback and amendment. The 71 finalised diagrams plus the five previously generated diagrams were used to create a searchable database of 76 theories in the form of construct-relationship-construct triples. We conducted a set of illustrative analyses to characterise theories in the database. Results: All 71 theories could be satisfactorily represented using this system. In total, 35 (49%) were finalised with no or very minor amendment. The remaining 36 (51%) were finalised after changes to the constructs (seven theories), relationships between constructs (15 theories) or both (14 theories) following author/expert feedback. The mean number of constructs per theory was 20 (min. = 6, max. = 72), with the mean number of triples per theory 31 (min. = 7, max. = 89). Fourteen distinct relationship types were used, of which the most commonly used was 'influences', followed by 'part of'. Conclusions: The OBMS can represent a wide array of behavioural theories in a precise, computable format. This system should provide a basis for better integration and synthesis of theories than has hitherto been possible.
- Um ano de pandemia por COVID-19: Relatório de monitorização de redes sociais - perceções sociais do risco, das exigências colocadas pela pandemia e dos recursos para lidar com estasPublication . Gaspar, Rui; Domingos, Samuel; Filipe, Jessica; Leiras, Gisela; Raposo, Beatriz; Godinho, Cristina; Francisco, Rita; Arriaga, MiguelObjetivo: Analisar como diferentes pessoas, em diferentes momentos, avaliam e respondem de às exigências colocadas pela pandemia. Esta análise permite compreender oscilações na adesão a recomendações de comportamentos de prevenção de contágio por SARS-CoV-2 durante a pandemia por COVID-19. A partir disto, estratégias, ações e materiais de comunicação de crise e risco, podem ser customizadas às perceções sociais do risco, i.e., como as pessoas avaliam o perigo, esforço e incerteza vs. recursos para lidar com estas, num certo momento. Método: Foi realizado, entre março de 2020 e março de 2021, um estudo de monitorização, com extração e análise longitudinal de dados de mais de 120 mil comentários públicos de utilizadores portugueses de redes sociais, em resposta a publicações sobre a COVID-19 emitidas pela Direcção-Geral da Saúde e por sete meios de comunicação social nacionais (Expresso, TVI24, RTP3, SIC Notícias, Correio da Manhã, Público, Observador). Este estudo seguiu uma abordagem que tem demonstrado ser relevante na recolha de evidências científicas que sustentem estratégias, ações e materiais eficazes no incremento de adesão a recomendações e mobilização social dos cidadãos, a abordagem ResiliScence, que considera os cidadãos como “sensores sociais”, permitindo detetar oscilações nas suas avaliações e respostas ao longo do tempo. Principais resultados: Em certos períodos, o nível de perceção de risco sistémico refletiu a gravidade da situação epidemiológica, mas noutros períodos isso não ocorreu, com algumas expressões de incerteza/desconfiança face à gravidade dos números reportados ou elevada perceção de risco quando a situação epidemiológica não era grave (e.g., início do ano letivo). Considerando a representação social das caraterísticas da crise percecionadas num certo momento (ver os vários modelo de crise no anexo III), particularmente as exigências, os indicadores de esforço foram predominantes face a indicadores de perigo e de incerteza na situação, o que dá suporte à hipótese que a atual crise de saúde se tornou crónica, predominando a denominada fadiga pandémica. O período da pandemia em que o risco sistémico foi percecionado como mais baixo, co-ocorreu com os primeiros casos de COVID-19 confirmados no país e com o primeiro registo de zero óbitos (inferindo-se que ambos os acontecimentos tenham sido potenciadores da perceção de controlo). Também no período de Natal verificou-se baixa perceção de risco, potencialmente associada à “sensação de segurança” nos encontros familiares e às consequências do longo período de esforço/fadiga nos meses precedentes, limitador de capacidades para se ser vigilante. O mais alto nível de perceção de risco ocorreu em janeiro de 2021, quando Portugal atravessou a mais grave situação epidemiológica desde o início da pandemia. Os resultados quantitativos podem ser visualizados em: https://covid19.min-saude.pt/comunicacao-de-crise-e-percecao-de-riscos/. Conclusões: Após cada “período de crise”, em que a perceção de risco sistémico aumentou consistentemente até atingir o pico, verificou-se um “período de restauração”, em que esta diminuiu consistentemente, atingindo os níveis médios do ciclo anterior. Estes resultados podem por um lado, indicar resiliência social e individual, em que após cada crise existe recuperação e potenciação de recursos. Por outro lado, podem revelar escape/negação da situação com atenuação do risco, após um período de risco alto. Mais ainda, servem de alerta pois a repetição de vários ciclos de crise-recuperação pode originar consequências negativas na saúde psicológica e consequente maior tempo de recuperação após cada “pico” de crise, caso não sejam providenciados suficientes recursos sociais e pessoais aos cidadãos, que tornem a recuperação mais eficaz. Neste âmbito, uma abordagem de sensores sociais permite customizar a comunicação de crise e de risco às perceções sociais da situação (modelo de crise identificado) num certo momento (e.g., empatia, reconhecimento do esforço e agradecimento pela adesão aos comportamentos recomendados, se o esforço psicológico for predominante no modelo de crise identificado neste).
- Assessment of good practices in community-based interventions for physical activity promotion: development of a user-friendly toolPublication . Franco, Sofia; Godinho, Cristina; Silva, Catarina Santos; Avelar-Rosa, Bruno; Santos, Rute; Mendes, Romeu; Silva, Marlene NunesTools to identify good practices in the design, implementation, and evaluation of physical activity community-based interventions (PACIs) are key to address the physical inactivity pandemic. Existing tools tend to be extensive and with limited applicability to assess small-scale PACIs. This work aimed to report the development and preliminary validity results of a simple, practical, and user-friendly tool to evaluate PACIs in local/municipal contexts. Eighty-six good practice characteristics defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Joint Action Framework on Chronic Diseases (CHRODIS), and an umbrella review of good practice characteristics of diet and physical activity interventions were initially extracted and refined in four rounds of revision from an expert panel using a Delphi-type methodology and rated on their relative importance. A pilot application was conducted, and data on the tool usability and applicability were collected through three semi-structured interviews with specialists and coordinators of local/municipal PACIs. For preliminary validation, the refined tool was applied to five community-based programs mostly aimed at an elderly population. The final tool included thirty-four selected characteristics, with a brief explanation and practical examples for each, under three main sections: design, evaluation, and implementation. Each characteristic has a rating (i.e., somewhat important, highly important, mandatory) and a percentage weight. Preliminary validation of this tool pointed to an adequate evaluation of good practice characteristics of municipal PACIs in a reliable, practical, and user-friendly way. Given its adequacy, this tool can support the definition of quality standards for PACIs, encouraging their dissemination and adoption at a regional or national level.
- Behavioural change box? Applying the COM-B model to understand behavioural triggers that support consumption of fruits and vegetable among subscribers of a fruit and vegetable box schemePublication . Craveiro, Daniela; Marques, Sibila; Bell, Ruth; Khan, Matluba; Godinho, Cristina; Peixeiro, FilomenaObjective: To understand the key mechanisms that support healthy dietary habits promoted by fruit and vegetable (F&V) box schemes, testing relevant behaviour change triggers identified under the COM-B model in an evaluation research study of a Portuguese F&V box scheme (PROVE). Design: Correlation study with a post-test-only non-equivalent group design based on survey data. The mechanisms underpinning the differences between subscribers and non-subscribers are operationalised as mediation effects. Data availability, theoretical relevance and empirical validation supported the selection and testing of four potential mediators for the effects of subscribing to the box scheme on F&V consumption. These estimations derive from the coefficients of a structural equation model combined with the product coefficient approach and Sobel test. Setting: The study is part of a wider evaluation study on the impact of the PROVE box scheme on sustainability, health and equity. Participants: A sample of PROVE box subscribers (n 294) was compared with a matched subsample of non-subscribers (n 571) in a nationally representative survey. Results: Subscribing to the PROVE box correlates with an increased probability of eating at least five portions of F&V, irrespective of differences in age, education and perceived economic difficulties. Diet quality perceptions, and more robustly, the strength of meal habits and household availability were identified as relevant mediators. Conclusions: The subscription to an F&V box scheme is connected with proximal context that enables the consumption of F&V by ensuring more readily available F&V and better situational conditions associated with healthier meal habits.
- Beyond the pandemic: tracing the evolution of activity, screen time, and sleep in European children over 3 yearsPublication . Orgilés, Mireia; Amorós-Reche, Víctor; Francisco, Rita; Godinho, Cristina; Delvecchio, Elisa; Mazzeschi, Claudia; Pedro, Marta; Morales, Alexandra; Espada, José P.During COVID-19, several studies documented a decrease in physical activity time, an increase in screen use and a worsening of sleep duration. The aim of this study was to compare the proportion of children with unhealthy amounts of time dedicated to these three habits across three different moments: before the pandemic (T1), 2 weeks after its outbreak (T2), and three and a half years later (T3), when the situation was fully restored. A total of 1248 caregivers of children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years old (46.9% female) from Italy, Spain and Portugal reported the amount of time devoted to physical activity, screen use and sleep at each moment. At T2, an increase in the percentage of children and adolescents with unhealthy time dedicated to physical activity and screen use was recorded. Proportions decreased at T3 but remained higher than at T1. At T3, the proportion of participants with inadequate sleep hours significantly decreased in children aged 3 to 5 compared to T1–T2, showed no differences in children aged 6 to 12, and increased in adolescents compared to T2, with no significant differences compared to T1. Conclusion: Results highlight that, although unhealthy patterns in physical activity and screen use have decreased compared to the confinement in March 2020, three and a half years later they remain higher than before the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings underscore the need for continued efforts to promote healthy lifestyles and prevent potential adverse consequences.
- Crises social sensing: longitudinal monitoring of social perceptions of systemic risk during public health crisisPublication . Gaspar, Rui; Domingos, Samuel; Toscano, Hugo; Filipe, Jessica; Leiras, Gisela; Raposo, Beatriz; Pereira, Cícero; Godinho, Cristina; Francisco, Rita; Silva, Claudia; Arriaga, Miguel Telo deMonitoring how different people – as ‘social sensors’ – evaluate and respond to crisis such as pandemics, allows tailoring crisis communication to the social perceptions of the situation, at different moments. To gather such evidence, we proposed a index of social perceptions of systemic risk (SPSR), as an indicator of a situational threat compromising risks to physical health, psychological health, the economy, social relations, health system, and others. This indicator was the core of a social sensing approach applied to crisis situations, implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic through a content analysis of more than 130.000 public comments from Facebook™ users, in COVID-19 related publications. This content coding allowed creating a SPSR index monitored during a one-year descriptive longitudinal analysis. This index correlated with co-occurring events within the social system, namely epidemiological indicators across measurement cycles (e.g. new deaths; cumulative number of infection cases; Intensive Care Unit hospitalizations) and tended to reflect the epidemiological situation severity (e.g. with the highest level registered during the worst pandemic wave). However, discrepancies also occurred, with high SPSR registered in a low severity situation, i.e. low number of hospitalizations and deaths (e.g. school year beginning), or low SPSR in a high severity situation (e.g. 2nd pandemic wave during Christmas), showing other factors beyond the epidemiological situation contributing to the social perceptions. After each ‘crisis period’ with SPSR peaking, there was a ‘restoration period’, consistently decreasing towards average levels of the previous measurement cycle. This can either indicate social resilience (recovery and resources potentiation) or risk attenuation after a high-severity period. This study serves as preliminary proof of concept of a crises social sensing approach, enabling monitoring of social system dynamics for various crisis types, such as health crisis or the climate crisis.
- Editorial - Past and future strategic changes and reviewers’ acknowledgmentsPublication . Godinho, Cristina; Gaspar, Rui
- Enabling sustainable food transitions in schools: a systemic approachPublication . Graça, João; Roque, Lisa; Guedes, David; Campos, Lucia; Truninger, Monica; Godinho, Cristina; Vinnari, MarkusPurpose Recent reviews and reports have highlighted the need for integrated, context-specific efforts to enable sustainable food transitions. This study aimed to identify pathways to promote healthier and more environmentally friendly food practices in school contexts, with a focus on increased plant-based eating. Design/methodology/approach The study used a systemic approach with data collected from relevant stakeholders in an EU country (Portugal) at diverse levels of influence in the school meals system (i.e. proximal, intermediate, distal; from end-consumers to food providers, market actors, civil society organizations, and policy and decision-makers). Data from individual interviews (N = 33) were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings Meat-centric cultural perceptions of a 'proper meal' can be a socio-emotional barrier for sustainable food transitions in schools. Main pathways identified to unlock these transitions included: (1) Levering orientations toward ethical and environmentally beneficial consumption; (2) Improving and increasing the offer of plant-based meals; and (3) Mobilizing local communities and society. Originality/value The current findings suggest that promoting healthier and more environmentally friendly food practices in schools requires systemic, integrated approaches which focus on food consumption, food provision, and the broader political and sociocultural environment.
- “Follow the whistle: physical activity is calling you”: evaluation of implementation and impact of a Portuguese nationwide mass media campaign to promote physical activityPublication . Silva, Marlene Nunes; Godinho, Cristina; Salavisa, Marta; Owen, Katherine; Santos, Rute; Silva, Catarina Santos; Mendes, Romeu; Teixeira, Pedro J.; Freitas, Graça; Bauman, AdrianTo raise perceived capability (C), opportunity (O) and motivation (M) for physical activity (PA) behaviour (B) among adults, the Portuguese Directorate-General of Health developed a mass media campaign named “Follow the Whistle”, based on behaviour change theory and social marketing principles. Comprehensive formative and process evaluation suggests this media-led campaign used best-practice principles. The campaign adopted a population-wide approach, had clear behavioural goals, and clear multi-strategy implementation. We assessed campaign awareness and initial impact using pre (n = 878, 57% women) and post-campaign (n = 1319, 58% women) independent adult population samples via an online questionnaire, comprising socio-demographic factors, campaign awareness and recall, and psychosocial and behavioural measures linked to the COM-B model. PA was assessed with IPAQ and the Activity Choice Index. The post-campaign recall was typical of levels following national campaigns (24%). Post-campaign measures were higher for key theory-based targets (all p < 0.05), namely self-efficacy, perceived opportunities to be more active and intrinsic motivation. The impact on social norms and self-efficacy was moderated by campaign awareness. Concerning PA, effects were found for vigorous activity (p < 0.01), but not for incidental activity. Overall the campaign impacted key theory-based intermediate outcomes, but did not influence incidental activity, which highlights the need for sustained and repeated campaign efforts.
- Intenção de vacinação contra a COVID-19 em três amostras representativas da população portuguesa: implicações para a comunicaçãoPublication . Godinho, Cristina; Francisco, Rita; Gaspar, Rui; Silva, Andreia Jorge; Fonseca, Válter; Costa, Diana; Arriaga, MiguelIntrodução: Portugal, entre poucos países no mundo, tem mais de 90% da população vacinada contra a COVID-19. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a adesão à vacinação (para doses primárias e de reforço) entre a população adulta e crianças, e a sua associação a preditores psicossociais e sociodemográficos teoricamente sustentados. Método: Um inquérito telefónico foi aplicado em março (T1), maio (T2) e dezembro (T3) de 2021 a amostras representativas da população portuguesa com mais de 16 anos (n T1= 1091; n T2= 1013; n T3= 1091), ainda não vacinados (em T1 e T2) ou sem dose de reforço (em T3). As medidas incluíram questões sociodemográficas e de saúde, intenção de vacinação do próprio (ou dos filhos, em T3), perceção de risco, crenças relacionadas com a vacinação e confiança nas autoridades. Resultados: As intenções de vacinação foram consistentemente altas (T1=79,2%; T2=79%; T3=81,7%), com baixos níveis de hesitação vacinal (T1=16,7%; T2=16,8%; T3=13,3%) e recusa (T1=4,1%; T2=4,2%; T3=4,9%). Os preditores mais fortes de intenção foram a perceção de segurança das vacinas, uma atitude geral positiva e a recomendação médica. Para as crianças, as intenções de vacinação dos pais foram comparativamente mais baixas (adesão estimada=51,3%; hesitação=33,5%; recusa=15,2%), sendo os preditores mais fortes a perceção de segurança da vacina, arrependimento antecipado e perceção de poucas barreiras logísticas. Discussão: A identificação das principais barreiras e facilitadores da vacinação permitiram o desenho de estratégias de comunicação oportunas e personalizadas, direcionadas a diferentes grupos populacionais, contribuindo para a gestão do processo de vacinação baseada na evidência.
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