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Sobre-endividamento dos consumidores : regulação e tratamento no ordenamento jurídico português
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Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo investigar o fenómeno do sobre-endividamento dos consumidores em Portugal, a partir de uma perspetiva jurídico-social que articula conceitos fundamentais, causas estruturais e respostas normativas. Numa fase inicial, procede-se à definição das figuras do consumidor, do devedor endividado e do sobre-endividado, clarificando fronteiras entre estas e outras realidades próximas, como o incumprimento contratual e a insolvência. Exploram-se, subsequentemente, as causas subjacentes ao sobre-endividamento, identificando-se determinantes de natureza individual, estrutural e sistémica. Paralelamente, é analisado o papel da DECO enquanto agente de mediação e apoio extrajudicial, assumindo um papel relevante na mitigação de situações de desequilíbrio financeiro por via não contenciosa. No plano legislativo, examina-se a evolução do quadro jurídico aplicável ao sobre endividamento, com especial foco nas medidas preventivas e nas soluções de tratamento, incluindo mecanismos como a exoneração do passivo restante, os planos de pagamento e os regimes de reestruturação extrajudicial. Conclui-se com uma reflexão crítica sobre a eficácia das respostas atualmente disponíveis, sublinhando a necessidade de um sistema normativo mais articulado, acessível e centrado na proteção da dignidade do consumidor em situação de vulnerabilidade económica.
This dissertation seeks to undertake a comprehensive examination of the phenomenon of consumer over-indebtedness in Portugal, adopting a socio-legal perspective that interweaves foundational concepts, structural causes, and normative responses. At the outset, it delineates the figures of the consumer, the indebted debtor, and the over-indebted individual, drawing clear distinctions between these and related legal constructs, such as contractual default and insolvency. The inquiry subsequently turns to the underlying causes of over-indebtedness, identifying determinants of an individual, structural, and systemic nature. In parallel, the role of DECO — the Portuguese consumer protection association — is scrutinised, particularly its extrajudicial intervention as a mediator in alleviating financial distress through non-contentious means. From a legislative standpoint, the study analyses the evolution of the legal framework governing over-indebtedness, with particular emphasis on preventive mechanisms and remedial instruments. These include debt discharge procedures, structured repayment plans, and extrajudicial restructuring regimes. The dissertation concludes with a critical reflection on the adequacy and effectiveness of the existing legal responses, underscoring the imperative for a more cohesive, accessible, and human-centred normative system that safeguards the dignity of economically vulnerable consumers.
This dissertation seeks to undertake a comprehensive examination of the phenomenon of consumer over-indebtedness in Portugal, adopting a socio-legal perspective that interweaves foundational concepts, structural causes, and normative responses. At the outset, it delineates the figures of the consumer, the indebted debtor, and the over-indebted individual, drawing clear distinctions between these and related legal constructs, such as contractual default and insolvency. The inquiry subsequently turns to the underlying causes of over-indebtedness, identifying determinants of an individual, structural, and systemic nature. In parallel, the role of DECO — the Portuguese consumer protection association — is scrutinised, particularly its extrajudicial intervention as a mediator in alleviating financial distress through non-contentious means. From a legislative standpoint, the study analyses the evolution of the legal framework governing over-indebtedness, with particular emphasis on preventive mechanisms and remedial instruments. These include debt discharge procedures, structured repayment plans, and extrajudicial restructuring regimes. The dissertation concludes with a critical reflection on the adequacy and effectiveness of the existing legal responses, underscoring the imperative for a more cohesive, accessible, and human-centred normative system that safeguards the dignity of economically vulnerable consumers.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Consumidor Endividamento Sobre-endividamento Crédito Consumer Indebtedness Over-indebtedness Credit
Contexto Educativo
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Licença CC
Sem licença CC