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Abstract(s)
A guerra é um fenómeno que está em constante mudança e evolução. Muitos autores,
nomeadamente Mary Kaldor, acreditam que a guerra do final do século XX, início do
século XXI, é uma guerra totalmente distinta do modelo de guerra de Clausewitz, que se
caracterizava por um combate em grande escala, em que cada lado pretendia, através da
violência, compelir o outro à sua vontade, tendo como objetivo imediato vencer o seu
adversário, tornando-o incapaz de reerguer forças para um possível ataque posterior, cujo
financiamento é caracterizado pelas receitas dos Estados em guerra – como sucedeu, por
exemplo, na Guerra da Prússia ou na Primeira Guerra Mundial. As “novas guerras” são
distintas deste modelo de guerra, uma vez que são conflitos entre atores estatais e nãoestatais e utilizam táticas de guerra não-convencional, isto é, irregulares, como as táticas
de guerrilha e ações terroristas, cujo financiamento não provém de receitas do Estado,
mas sobretudo de fontes ilícitas, como o crime organizado.
Na presente investigação, e tendo como base o conceito de “nova guerra” de Mary
Kaldor, pretender-se-á explicar em que consiste esse fenómeno, como emerge, assim
como se o terrorismo pode ser considerado uma “nova guerra” ou se não passa de uma
tática da mesma. Deste modo, também será analisado o fenómeno do terrorismo,
nomeadamente o debate entre quem defende a existência de um terrorismo velho e de um
terrorismo novo e a interligação das características desta última terminologia com as
“novas guerras”.
Finalmente, e através do estudo de caso da Síria, será analisado o conflito que
deflagrou em 2011 com a Primavera Árabe e que ainda persiste. Estudar-se-ão as
diferentes fases do conflito, as diferentes fações e as características da guerra que se
prolonga, há uma década, com vista a perceber se a Síria pode ser, ou não, considerada
como palco de uma “nova guerra”.
War is a phenomenon that is constantly changing and evolving. Many authors, including Mary Kaldor, believe that the war at the end of the 20th century, beginning of the 21st century, is a totally different war from Clausewitz's model of war, which was characterized by a large-scale combat, in which each side intended, through violence, compel the other to his will, with the immediate objective of defeating his opponent, making him incapable of rebuilding forces for a possible later attack, whose financing is characterized by the revenues of the states at war - as happened, for example, in the Prussian War or in the First World War. The new wars are different from this model of war, as they are conflicts between state and non-state actors and use unconventional war tactics, that is, irregular, such as guerrilla tactics and terrorist actions, whose funding does not come from state revenues, but above all from illicit sources such as organized crime. In this research, and based on Mary Kaldor's concept of "new war", we intend to explain what this phenomenon consists of, how it emerges, as well as whether terrorism can be considered a "new war" or not it is just a tactic of the same. In this way, the phenomenon of terrorism will also be analyzed, namely the debate between those who defend the existence of an old terrorism and a new terrorism and the interconnection of the characteristics of the latter terminology with the “new wars”. Finally, and through the case study of Syria, the conflict that broke out in 2011 with the Arab Spring and which persists will be analyzed. The different phases of the conflict, the different factions and the characteristics of the war that has been going on for a decade will be studied, with a view to understanding whether Syria can be, or not, considered as the stage for a “new war”.
War is a phenomenon that is constantly changing and evolving. Many authors, including Mary Kaldor, believe that the war at the end of the 20th century, beginning of the 21st century, is a totally different war from Clausewitz's model of war, which was characterized by a large-scale combat, in which each side intended, through violence, compel the other to his will, with the immediate objective of defeating his opponent, making him incapable of rebuilding forces for a possible later attack, whose financing is characterized by the revenues of the states at war - as happened, for example, in the Prussian War or in the First World War. The new wars are different from this model of war, as they are conflicts between state and non-state actors and use unconventional war tactics, that is, irregular, such as guerrilla tactics and terrorist actions, whose funding does not come from state revenues, but above all from illicit sources such as organized crime. In this research, and based on Mary Kaldor's concept of "new war", we intend to explain what this phenomenon consists of, how it emerges, as well as whether terrorism can be considered a "new war" or not it is just a tactic of the same. In this way, the phenomenon of terrorism will also be analyzed, namely the debate between those who defend the existence of an old terrorism and a new terrorism and the interconnection of the characteristics of the latter terminology with the “new wars”. Finally, and through the case study of Syria, the conflict that broke out in 2011 with the Arab Spring and which persists will be analyzed. The different phases of the conflict, the different factions and the characteristics of the war that has been going on for a decade will be studied, with a view to understanding whether Syria can be, or not, considered as the stage for a “new war”.
Description
Keywords
Terrorismo “Novas guerras” Primavera Árabe Guerra Civil Síria Terrorism New wars Arab Spring Civil war Syria