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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
As perturbações de ansiedade na infância têm um impacto negativo ao nível do
desenvolvimento da criança, tornando-se relevante a investigação acerca dos factores da
sua manutenção. Um desses factores é o viés atencional. O viés atencional refere-se à
tendência dos sujeitos ansiosos para atenderem seletivamente a informação relacionada
com a ameaça. As teorias cognitivo-motivacionais explicam este viés através de um
modelo de vigilância-evitamento. Este modelo prediz que as pessoas ansiosas, num
primeiro momento, olham mais para o estímulo ameaçador que as não ansiosas (viés de
vigilância) mas, depois, revertem este padrão e olham menos para o estímulo ameaçador
que as não ansiosas (viés de evitamento). Com base na literatura revista, é proposto um
estudo do tipo quase-experimental, de natureza descritivo-comparativa, que 1) cria um
conjunto de estímulos de conteúdo específico e 2) Recorrendo à metodologia Eye
Tracking, analisa e compara os vieses atencionais em relação à ameaça de crianças com
e sem perturbação de ansiedade. Para a seleção do conjunto de estímulos participaram
26 crianças, entre os 9 e os 12 anos de idade. Os estímulos apresentados consistiram em
imagens agradáveis, ameaçadoras e neutras relacionadas com a perturbação de
ansiedade social, perturbação de ansiedade de separação, fobia específica e perturbação
de ansiedade generalizada. As crianças avaliaram, recorrendo a uma escala de Likert de
5 pontos, se os estímulos apresentados mostravam uma situação em que uma criança se
reunia ou separava da mãe, em que uma criança era ou não popular, se a expressão
facial era de zanga ou felicidade e se a imagem era agradável ou assustadora. No total,
avaliaram um conjunto de 86 imagens. Foram selecionadas 38 imagens. Para o estudo
com o Eye Tracking, participaram 7 crianças com perturbação de ansiedade e 27
crianças sem perturbação de ansiedade. As crianças ansiosas e não ansiosas viram uma
série de pares de imagens ameaçador-agradável, enquanto a direção do seu olhar era
gravada. Apenas foram encontradas diferenças na 1ª fixação das crianças ansiosas e das
não ansiosas quando os estímulos apresentados eram de faces de expressões emocionais
de zanga e felicidade, e nos últimos segundos de apresentação dos estímulos foram
encontradas diferenças nos estímulos relacionados com a perturbação de ansiedade de separação, com as crianças ansiosas a olharem mais vezes para o estímulo ameaçador, que as crianças não ansiosas.
Child anxiety disorders have a negative impact on the child’s development and so, the investigation regarding the maintenance factors of anxiety becomes relevant. One of the factors most recently studied refers to the tendency of anxious individuals to selectively attend to information related to threat, showing an attentional bias related to threat. Cognitive-motivacional theories about this bias propose a vigilance-avoidance model. This model predicts that anxious individuals, at a first moment, gaze more often at the threatening stimuli than non-anxious individuals (vigilance bias) but, then, they revert this pattern and gaze less at the threatening stimuli than non anxious individuals (avoidance bias). Based on the reviewed literature , a quasi-experimental study, of comparative-descriptive nature, is proposed to 1) create a set of content specific stimuli, and 2) application of Eye Tracking methodology to compare and analyse the attentional bias related to threat in children with and without anxiety disorder. To create the set of stimuli, 26 children, between 9 and 12 years old, participated. The stimuli consisted of pleasant, threatning and neutral images related to social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. Children evaluated, with a 5-point Likert scale, if the stimuli presented showed an image of a child and a mother reuniting or separating, of a child who was popular ou non popular, of an emotional expression of anger or hapiness, or if an image was threatning or pleasant. In total, children evaluated 86 images. 38 images were selected. For the Eye Tracking study, 7 anxious children and 27 non anxious children participated. Anxious and non anxious children saw a series of threatening-pleasant image pairs, while the direction of their gaze was recorded. A difference between anxious and non anxious children was only found in the first fixation made to stimuli of angry and happy faces, and in the last seconds of stimuli presentation, there were found differences in the stimuli related to separation anxiety disorder, with anxious children looking more often to the threatening stimuli than non anxious children.
Child anxiety disorders have a negative impact on the child’s development and so, the investigation regarding the maintenance factors of anxiety becomes relevant. One of the factors most recently studied refers to the tendency of anxious individuals to selectively attend to information related to threat, showing an attentional bias related to threat. Cognitive-motivacional theories about this bias propose a vigilance-avoidance model. This model predicts that anxious individuals, at a first moment, gaze more often at the threatening stimuli than non-anxious individuals (vigilance bias) but, then, they revert this pattern and gaze less at the threatening stimuli than non anxious individuals (avoidance bias). Based on the reviewed literature , a quasi-experimental study, of comparative-descriptive nature, is proposed to 1) create a set of content specific stimuli, and 2) application of Eye Tracking methodology to compare and analyse the attentional bias related to threat in children with and without anxiety disorder. To create the set of stimuli, 26 children, between 9 and 12 years old, participated. The stimuli consisted of pleasant, threatning and neutral images related to social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. Children evaluated, with a 5-point Likert scale, if the stimuli presented showed an image of a child and a mother reuniting or separating, of a child who was popular ou non popular, of an emotional expression of anger or hapiness, or if an image was threatning or pleasant. In total, children evaluated 86 images. 38 images were selected. For the Eye Tracking study, 7 anxious children and 27 non anxious children participated. Anxious and non anxious children saw a series of threatening-pleasant image pairs, while the direction of their gaze was recorded. A difference between anxious and non anxious children was only found in the first fixation made to stimuli of angry and happy faces, and in the last seconds of stimuli presentation, there were found differences in the stimuli related to separation anxiety disorder, with anxious children looking more often to the threatening stimuli than non anxious children.
Description
Keywords
Ansiedade Viés atencional Conteúdo específico Crianças Anxiety Attentional bias Eye Tracking Content specific Children