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This document is the thesis entitled “Hybrid warfare: a threat of the 21st century in a political-juridical perspective” submitted in order to obtain the degree of Master of Arts in Governance, Leadership and Democracy Studies from the Instituto de Estudos Políticos of Universidade Católica Portuguesa.
This dissertation analyzes the emergence of “hybrid warfare” and the new prominence of hybrid threats in the European Union and Portugal during the 21st century. Even though there is no universal agreement upon the concept of hybrid warfare and threats, between the academic and military communities, this paper attempts to fill in the terminological and conceptual gap by focusing on the definitions developed by specific scholars like Frank Hoffman, Russell Glenn and John J. McCuen, as well as on the views of NATO and the European Union institutions.
To better understand the nature of this type of warfare, this thesis reflects on its origin, components, and the primary methods (such as social media and the use of “fake news”), that are being used by hybrid state and non-state actors inside the cyberspace. In addition, this paper also pretends to establish a bridge between the concept of hybrid warfare and hybrid threats as well as to present some of the main vulnerabilities, impacts, defensive measures and legislation that are being applied by the European Union institutions and by Portugal to counter the phenomena in the socio-political and legal spheres.
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Hybrid warfare Hybrid threats European Union Portugal Components Methods Technology Politics Law