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- Vamos responsabilizar os “jovens aldeões”Publication . Oliveira-Silva, Patrícia
- Psychophysiological reactivity in couples during a marital interaction taskPublication . Coutinho, J.; Oliveira-Silva, P.; Mesquita, A. R.; Barbosa, M.; Perrone-McGovern, K. M.; Gonçalves, O. F.The ability to regulate our own physiological arousal when dealing with the emotional expression of our partner is crucial for satisfactory and stable intimate relationships. In previous physiological studies of marital interactions, researchers have found greater levels of psychophysiological arousal for members of the couple in conflictual interactions in comparison with positive interactions. Past researchers have established that intense and prolonged autonomic and neuroendocrine arousal during marital conflict can have negative consequences for mental and physical health. In this study we examined the physiological reactivity, as measured by skin conductance level, heart rate and cortisol levels, from both partners during a couple's interaction task consisting of a structured conversation about positive and negative aspects of their relationship. Participants were thirty-two heterosexual couples (N = 64) in a committed monogamous relationship with a minimum duration of one year. We found higher heart rate and cortisol levels during negative interaction condition when compared with the positive condition. Skin conductance was higher in the positive interaction condition, when compared with the negative interaction condition. In addition, we found a significant negative association between heart rate variability and autonomic arousal evoked by the interaction task. The implications of these findings for the effects of marital strain on health as well as for the design of risk-reducing interventions, namely biofeedback are discussed.
- Evidências de validade da versão portuguesa do ìndice de Reatividade Interpessoal para CasaisPublication . Coutinho, Joana; Beiramar, Ana; Silva, Carla; Lema, Alberto; Lima, Vânia; GraceIII, Randolph; Oliveira-Silva, Patrícia; Gonçalves, Óscar; Sampaio, AdrianaEste estudo teve como principal objetivo traduzir e adaptar para língua portuguesa o Índice de Reatividade Interpessoal para Casais (IRIC), analisando as propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa. Esse é um instrumento de avaliação da empatia em casais, que resultou da adaptação de uma das mais usadas escalas de empatia, o Índice de Reatividade Interpessoal de Davis, para o contexto das relações íntimas. O IRIC avalia dimensões de empatia cognitiva (tomada de perspetiva) e emocional (preocupação empática), importantes para a estabilidade e satisfação das relações conjugais. A escala original foi traduzida para português e administrada a 148 sujeitos que estavam numa relação amorosa há pelo menos um ano. A maioria dos sujeitos eram mulheres com uma média de idades de 27 anos. Os resultados revelam uma estrutura fatorial semelhante à escala original, valores adequados de consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach=0,82) e bons níveis de validade externa com uma escala de ajustamento diádico.
- Mind wandering and the attention network systemPublication . Gonçalves, Óscar F.; Rêgo, Gabriel; Oliveira-Silva, Patrícia; Leite, Jorge; Carvalho, Sandra; Fregni, Felipe; Amaro, Edson; Boggio, Paulo S.Attention and mind wandering are often seen as anticorrelated. However, both attention and mind wandering are multi-component processes, and their relationship may be more complex than previously thought. In this study, we tested the interference of different types of thoughts as measured by a Thought Identification Task - TIT (on task thoughts, task related interference thoughts, external distractions, stimulus independent and task unrelated thoughts) on different components of the attention network system - ANT (alerting, orienting, executive). Results show that, during the ANT, individuals were predominantly involved in task related interference thoughts which, along with external distractors, significantly impaired their performance accuracy. However, mind wandering (i.e., stimulus independent and task unrelated thoughts) did not significantly interfere with accuracy in the ANT. No significant relationship was found between type of thoughts and alerting, orienting, or executive effects in the ANT. While task related interference thoughts and external distractions seemed to impair performance on the attention task, mind wandering was still compatible with satisfactory performance in the ANT. The present results confirmed the importance of differentiating type of "out of task" thoughts in studying the relationship between though distractors and attention.
- When our hearts beat together: cardiac synchrony as an entry point to understand dyadic co‐regulation in couplesPublication . Coutinho, Joana; Pereira, Alfredo; Oliveira-Silva, Patrícia; Meier, Deborah; Lourenço, Vladimiro; Tschacher, WolfgangThe degree to which romantic partners' autonomic responses are coordinated, represented by their pattern of physiological synchrony, seems to capture important aspects of the reciprocal influence and co‐regulation between spouses. In this study, we analyzed couple's cardiac synchrony as measured by heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). A sample of 27 couples (N = 54) performed a structured interaction task in the lab where they discussed positive and negative aspects of the relationship. During the interaction, their cardiac measures (HR and HRV) were recorded using the BIOPAC System. Additional assessment, prior to the lab interaction task, included self‐report measures of empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples) and relationship satisfaction (Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale). Synchrony computation was based on the windowed cross‐correlation of both partner's HR and HRV time series. In order to control for random synchrony, surrogate controls were created using segment‐wise shuffling. Our results confirmed the presence of cardiac synchrony during the couple's interaction when compared to surrogate testing. Specifically, we found evidence for negative (antiphase) synchrony of couple's HRV and positive (in‐phase) synchrony of HR. Further, both HRV and HR synchronies were associated with several dimensions of self‐report data. This study suggests that cardiac synchrony, particularly, the direction of the covariation in the partners' physiological time series, may have an important relational meaning in the context of marital interactions.
- Changes in the effective connectivity of the social brain when making inferences about close others vs. the selfPublication . Esménio, Sofia; Soares, José Miguel; Oliveira-Silva, P.; Gonçalves, Óscar F.; Friston, Karl; Coutinho, Joana FernandesPrevious research showed that the ability to make inferences about our own and other’s mental states rely on common brain pathways; particularly in the case of close relationships (e.g., romantic relationships). Despite the evidence for shared neura representations of self and others, less is known about the distributed processing within these common neural networks, particularly whether there are specific patterns of internode communication when focusing on other vs. self. This study aimed to characterize context-sensitive coupling among social brain regions involved in self and other understanding. Participants underwent an fMRI while watching emotional video vignettes of their romantic partner and elaborated on their partner’s (other-condition) or on their own experience (self-condition). We used dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to quantify the associated changes in effective connectivity (EC) in a network of brain regions involved in social cognition including the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), the posterior cingulate (PCC)/precuneus and middle temporal gyrus (MTG). DCM revealed that: the PCC plays a central coordination role within this network, the bilateral MTG receives driving inputs from other nodes suggesting that social information is first processed in language comprehension regions; the right TPJ evidenced a selective increase in its sensitivity when focusing on the other’s experience, relative to focusing on oneself.
- Vagal modulation of 1-month-old infants to auditory stimuli is associated with self-regulatory behaviorPublication . Cruz, Sara; Ferreira-Santos, Fernando; Oliveira-Silva, Patrícia; Ribeiro, Eugénia; Gonçalves, Óscar; Sampaio, AdrianaDuring infancy, cardiac vagal modulation has been associated with attentional and social engagement behaviors. While studies have shown that infants display a behavioral repertoire that enables them to interact with others by being able to regulate themselves in order to attend to and to discriminate emotional and social cues, vagal modulation to sensory stimuli and its association with behavioral outcomes at early ages remains to be addressed. In this study, we analyzed the cardiac vagal response of 1-month-old infants to two auditory stimuli intensities and whether vagal response was associated with social interactive and self-regulatory abilities. Therefore, we recorded cardiac and respiratory physiological responses in 28 infants using a Biopac System. Neurobehavioral assessment was performed using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. We observed increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) amplitude to both auditory stimuli intensities when compared to baseline. No intensity effect was found for the RSA response. Additionally, we observed that higher RSA amplitude to both auditory stimuli was positively correlated with adjusted self-regulatory behaviors, suggesting a convergence between multiple measures assessing infants' state regulation. Results are discussed in light of 1-month-old infants' auditory stimuli processing and its implications for regulatory behaviors and the emergent social-like behaviors.
- Da biotecnologia à psicologia: protocolo neuropsicofisiológico para avaliar filmes orais com cafeínaPublication . Batista, Patrícia; Fernandes, Eugénia; Ribeiro, Fabiana; Moreno, Ana; Oliveira-Silva, Patrícia; Pintado, ManuelaIntrodução: Os filmes orais são novos dispositivos de administração oral utilizados para entrega de drogas/fármacos que capturaram o interesse da indústria farmacêutica e de alimentos nos últimos anos. Estes filmes têm alcançado muita popularidade devido às várias vantagens, tais como, a conveniência da administração (dosagem, transporte, textura, a não utilização de água para a administração, etc.) e à sua disponibilidade em vários tamanhos e formatos quando comparados às formulações orais convencionais. Apesar da investigação existente, de estudos de caracterização, estudos in vitro e alguns estudos farmacocinético, pouco se conhece sobre o efeito psicofisiológico destes filmes. Neste sentido, foi objecto de estudo o desenvolvimento de um protocolo para avaliação neuropsicofisiológica. Métodos: Após uma revisão da literatura de 298 publicações científicas, apenas 6 obdeceram aos critérios de inclusão no estudo. Resultados: A análise aprofundada da literatura permitiu conhecer a escassez de estudos nesta área e possibilitou o delinear de um protocolo, baseado na avaliação de medidas psicofisiológicas, com vantagens inerentes (oportunidade de realizar uma avaliação mais direta, objetiva e não invasiva; não se restringe apenas ao autorrelato e apresenta resultados precisos em tempo real). Discussão: Deste modo, pretende-se colmatar a lacuna existente nesta área – falta de avaliação neuropsicofisiológicas – potenciando eficácia de utilização destes filmes.
- Disentangling motivation within instrumental music learning: a systematic reviewPublication . Oliveira, António; Ribeiro, Fabiana Silva; Ribeiro, Luísa Mota; McPherson, Gary; Oliveira-Silva, PatríciaMotivation is a crucial aspect of learning, particularly in the field of music. For decades, motivation for learning music has been a much-discussed subject, and yet its influence still remains a convoluted issue. This study systematically analyses peer-reviewed English language studies, according to PRISMA guidelines, in order to understand how children’s and adolescents’ motivation to learn a musical instrument has been studied, the theories that have been adopted to frame this research, the types of quantitative instruments that have been designed or adopted within the research designs, and the types of findings that have documented. A search on Web of Science, Education Resources Information Center, and Scopus was conducted, using the following terms: music, instrument, learn, education, study, and motivation. The initial search identified 447 studies. Twenty of these met the inclusion criteria for investigating any music-related aspect of motivation that was based on the analysis of quantitative data. Results show a limited number of studies that have explored children’s motivation in the context of learning a musical instrument and report a special focus on the central role of parents and social background. Implications of these results for music education and the adequacy of questionnaires to children are discussed.
- Emotional induction through music: measuring cardiac and electrodermal responses of emotional states and their persistencePublication . Ribeiro, Fabiana Silva; Santos, Flávia Heloísa; Albuquerque, Pedro Barbas; Oliveira-Silva, PatríciaEmotional inductions through music (EIM) procedures have proved to evoke genuine emotions according to neuroimaging studies. However, the persistence of the emotional states after being exposed to musical excerpts remains mostly unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the curve of emotional state generated by an EIM paradigm over a 6-min recovery phase, monitored with valence and arousal self-report measures, and physiological parameters. Stimuli consisted of a neutral and two valenced musical excerpts previously reported to generate such states. The neutral excerpt was composed in a minimalist form characterized by simple sonorities, rhythms, and patterns; the positive excerpt had fast tempo and major tones, and the negative one was slower in tempo and had minor tone. Results of 24 participants revealed that positive and negative EIM effectively induced self-reported happy and sad emotions and elicited higher skin conductance levels (SCL). Although self-reported adjectives describing evoked-emotions states changed to neutral after 2 min in the recovery phase, the SCL data suggest longer lasting arousal for both positive and negative emotional states. The implications of these outcomes for musical research are discussed.