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- Epistemological infrastructure capture: artificial intelligence, invisible synchronization, and the algorithmic gestellPublication . Santos, NunoThis article introduces "Epistemological Infrastructure Capture" as a central concept to analyze how Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems increasingly mediate the infrastructures through which relevance, legitimacy, and intelligibility are socially organized. This essay argues that under these conditions, AI can synchronize perception and steer collective cognition at scale, making propaganda, radicalization, and ideological normalization structurally more effective. This article integrates Martin Heidegger's concept of Gestell (Enframing) [3] and the historical notion of Gleichschaltung (forced coordination) to illuminate how AI, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) and recommendation algorithms, constitutes an "Algorithmic Gestell." This framework enables what this article calls an “invisible synchronization” of thought, leading to a profound crisis of epistemological sovereignty. This article differentiates between the impacts of generative and classification AI and presents data poisoning as a privileged case within this broader context. Through a philosophical and technical lens, this article explores the ontological, sociotechnical, and security implications, advocating for robust defenses and a critical re-evaluation of AI's role in shaping collective understanding.
- From the big lie to the viral liePublication . Santos, NunoThis article develops a theoretical framework for understanding continuities in propaganda between Nazi Germany and contemporary digital disinformation, synthesizing communication theory with historical analysis. Drawing on agenda-setting, framing, and cultivation theories, as well as primary sources, including Hitler's Mein Kampf and archival materials from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the study identifies systematic parallels between Goebbels's propaganda apparatus and modern algorithmic manipulation. Through comparative analysis of Nazi techniques (simplification, emotional manipulation, the "Big Lie", and enemy construction) and contemporary disinformation campaigns, supported by an empirical case study of COVID-19 misinformation (2020-2021), the article demonstrates how digital technologies amplify rather than fundamentally alter classical propaganda mechanisms. The framework identifies five critical continuities: message simplification, emotional over rational appeal, scapegoating, manipulation of source authority, and reality construction through repetition. This theoretical contribution extends beyond descriptive comparison to establish a unified analytical model applicable across historical and contemporary contexts, with implications for media literacy education and democratic resilience in the digital age.
- The rhetoric of hate in algorithms: a critical analysis of nazi propaganda through the lens of artificial intelligencePublication . Santos, NunoThis article proposes a critical analysis of historical propaganda, using the Nazi regime as a case study to explore the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in deconstructing hate narratives and detecting contemporary manipulative content. The methodology integrates classical rhetorical analysis with computational approaches in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML). The study focuses on identifying dehumanization patterns, modeling algorithmic dissemination, and evaluating AI effectiveness in developing ethical countermeasures. The results highlight the continuity of historical rhetorical patterns in the digital ecosystem and the urgency of a Human-AI synergy for preserving democratic integrity. Research Question: How can AI detect and classify rhetorical patterns of dehumanization derived from historical propaganda in contemporary digital ecosystems? Scope: This study examines computational methods for propaganda analysis without empirical model training, focusing instead on theoretical frameworks and documented case applications.
- Cognitive colonialism and the epistemological gestell: the architecture of LLMs and the crisis of sovereignty in 2026Publication . Santos, NunoThis essay proposes a philosophical and geostrategic analysis of Large Language Models (LLMs) as instruments of epistemological control in 2026. Drawing on Martin Heidegger's concept of Gestell (Enframing) and Herbert Marcuse's critique of Technological Rationality, we argue that Sovereign AI constitutes a new form of "Ontological Occupation" — where control shifts from territory to the structure of reality itself. We examine how state LLMs, functioning as the institutional default for knowledge, can simultaneously represent a legitimate defense against Cognitive Colonialism and a risk of internal authoritarian drift. The analysis includes empirical evidence from China, Russia, and the European Union, demonstrating concrete implementations of AI as governance infrastructure. The paper concludes with a roadmap for Cognitive Sovereignty, emphasizing model plurality, dataset transparency, open weights, and epistemological literacy as essential defenses against the erosion of dialectical thinking.
- The aestheticisation of politics in the digital age: from Leni Riefenstahl to computational propaganda with AIPublication . Santos, Nuno Miguel Rodrigues dosThis article examines the evolution of the aestheticisation of politics and mass propaganda, tracing a comparative line between the cinematic techniques of Leni Riefenstahl in Nazi Germany and contemporary strategies of computational propaganda and generative artificial intelligence (AI). Drawing on Walter Benjamin's theoretical frameworks on the "aura" of the work of art and the aestheticisation of politics, and on Susan Sontag's "fascinating fascism", it is argued that generative AI represents a new phase in mass manipulation. This technology amplifies and personalises historical propaganda tactics, eroding the "aura" of truth and contributing to an epistemic collapse. Through a critical-comparative analysis, the study aims to offer a theoretical framework connecting historical propaganda to its digital counterpart, highlighting continuities and discontinuities, and exploring the ethical and social implications of AI in the public sphere.
- Mapeamento do abandono escolar precoce em Portugal: versão curtaPublication . Azevedo, Joaquim; Oliveira, António; Azevedo, Margarida; Melo, Rodrigo Queiroz e
- Elisa Curado: uma mulher de causas (1858-1933)Publication . Lopes, Ana Maria Costa