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- Setenta anos de Aliança Atlântica - a urgência na adaptação a novos desafios num complexo contexto geopolíticoPublication . Amado, NunoO objetivo deste artigo consiste em abordar três desafios que poderão ser críticos para a Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte e que não seriam previsíveis há setenta anos atrás. Na base desta organização está o Tratado do Atlântico Norte (também conhecido como Tratado de Washington), assinado a 4 Abril 1949 e que define princípios ainda hoje válidos. Em primeiro lugar, os potenciais adversários da NATO, e aos princípios que defende, poderão explorar estratégias não convencionais na chamada “zona cinzenta do conflito”. As cyber operações são um exemplo de uma abordagem não convencional, por oposição à intervenção de forças militares convencionais como equipamento militar e recursos humanos a operar no terreno. Em segundo lugar, a ascensão da China à escala global poderá criar dinâmicas de segurança com impacto menos favorável na Aliança Atlântica. A China tem revelado interesses e prioridades divergentes em relação aos membros da Aliança, levando a que os Estados Unidos da América, por sua iniciativa, voltem o seu foco para a região Ásia Pacífico e redefinam a sua estratégia geopolítica que poderá causar enfraquecimento e perda de notoriedade à NATO. Em terceiro lugar, pese embora o estabelecido no Concelho Nato-Rússia de 2002 numa lógica de equilíbrio de poder e moderação de relações entre aliados e Moscovo, é notório que os decisores políticos russos continuam a entender o alargamento por parte da NATO a leste como uma estratégia em total desfavor à Rússia. Não será por acaso, por isso, que a Rússia tem liderado o esforço para o fortalecimento da Organização do Tratado da Segurança Colectiva, o que faz levantar o fantasma da “re-sovietização”. Desta forma, pretende-se refletir sobre a urgência na adaptação a novos desafios num complexo contexto geopolítico da NATO, mantendo como orientação os seus princípios fundadores e a promoção dos valores democráticos.
- The instinctive multilateralist: Portugal and the politics of cooperationPublication . European Council on Foreign Relations; Franco, Lívia
- Pope John Paul II, the fall of the Berlin wall and Europe’s futurePublication . Carvalho, Cristina SáPope John Paul II's contribution to the fall of the Berlin Wall and, in its aftermath, the collapse of Communist regimes, has been clearly marked by historians and political science experts. The efforts of the Polish Pope essentially focused on the mobilization of his homeland but also assumed a continuous and capillary work of Vatican diplomacy, as well as constant dialogue with the most influential political leaders. However, today, it becomes essential to reflect on its role in the so-called Global moralization by reading a magisterium which, in large part, defended and complained of human rights. This struggle for democracy and, above all, for justice and truth, of the pontiff that came from afar, continues today in the magisterium of Benedict XVI and Francis, through a lucid reading of the signs of the times and the promotion of a courageous deepening of the Social Doctrine of the Church in a context of Globalization.
- Towards a strategic EU-NATO security partnership in AfricaPublication . Marsili, MarcoThreats from Africa undermine the security of Europe. The European Union and NATO have 22 member countries in common, namely most of EU member states. The fundamental role of the Atlantic Alliance is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries by political and military means. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, non-state actors and hybrid threats emerged as the major challenges to international security. NATO is evolving in response to new strategic reality, and terrorism and weak states are among the most pressing challenges the Alliance faces. NATO is playing an increasingly important role in crisis management and peacekeeping. Since the African Union was established in 2001 as the successor to the Organization of African Unity, it faces difficulties in achieving the African ownership in peace and security. The chronic lack of funding and of appropriate military resources, makes the African Union depending on external aid – NATO provides military support, while the EU provides money. NATO cooperates with the AU since 2005, and all NATO-AU activities are coordinated with the EU. The NATO-EU partnership is complementar and mutual, and is based on common values and strategic interests, and should be strengthened to secure the European southern border, and to guarantee security in the Mediterranean region. Therefore, stronger and permanent NATO-EU partnership in Africa would be desirable. This brief paper investigates the ties between these three organizations, and suggests some recommendations to improve the 'trilateral' relationship to ensure security to their member states.
- The evolution of the political role of the Russian Orthodox Church (1991–2021)Publication . Kolodiy, OlenaAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1991, communism as an ideology andeconomic model appeared to lose its appeal worldwide. However, the attacks on liberal democracy,individual freedoms and universal human rights promoted by the USSR remained, now from adifferent actor within the post-soviet sphere: the Orthodox Church.This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the Russian Orthodoxy and Politics in thePutin Era. The methodology used is mainly qualitative: using as its main sources various documentsby the Russian Federation, the Russian Orthodox Church and various academic and news articles.This paper is divided in three main sections: The first section concerns the political role of theRussian Orthodox Church (ROC) in promoting the so-called “spiritual renewal of Russia” and“moral development of society” (National Security Concept). To achieve the goals previouslyreferred to, the official statements of the President of Russian Federation and the Patriarch of theRussian Orthodox Church will be scrutinized.The second section is divided in two subsections. The first subsection will focus on the role of theRussian Orthodox Church as an instrument and as a form of power in the hands of the Russiangovernment to expand its influence abroad and undermine the values of liberal democracy at thedomestic level and abroad. The second subsection will discuss the ROC as a conservative entitythat refuses to conform to new realities. It surmises with the thought that for Putin, Patriarch Kirillis rather a government minister than a religious leader. The third subsection will focus on the ROCand its important role in the increasing militarization of Russian society. It endorses the idea thatnuclear weapons can serve as a protection of Russia from the Western influence.The third section will draw an analysis of the Russkiy Mir quasi-ideology and its connection to theUkrainian Orthodox Church. The relevance of this symbiosis for the Patriarchate of Moscow willbe analyzed and the role played by the ROC in the ideological campaign led by Moscow againstKyiv will be inspected. Finally, the article aims to reflect on the medium to long-term effects of the2019 schism and the future challenges of the ROC.
- A septuagenária NATO – na encruzilhada entre passado bem-sucedido e problemático futuroPublication . Duarte, António RebeloThis paper focuses in the real present and the predictable future of the oldest allied organization in the world, but a young creature of seventies, absolute record of this kind of alliances which haven´t overcome in general the average period of 15 years of effective longevity. For the development of this work we use the historical successful route made by the Alliance to achieve present times, envisaging to highlight some aspects of today reality, and the main problems NATO is facing in the political and operational fields, the first one subject to hard constraints posed by the current American Administration, thus search rational and plausible reasons to the euro-Atlantic countries keep the interest in, with more investment and assets in the largest and unique world organization responsible for the assurance of the 29 member states collective defense. Can NATO continue to play one of its most important post-Cold War roles if its own members begin to question elements of the political order that NATO is sworn to defend? This essay doesn’t s provide fully satisfactory much less definite answers, but aspire to search for solutions to the challenges NATO faces at the start of its eighth decade. After all, the Alliance has outlasted some phases until now, successfully adapting to each new period while growing in size. Why should the future be any different?
- Maritime studies: a conceptual framework For PortugalPublication . Ribeiro, António SilvaMaritime studies is a new transdisciplinary academic field within the social sciences, aimed at managing the challenges arising from Man's critical and ongoing relationship with the sea in matters of development and security. Due to its modernity, it is at an early stage of construction and composition of its scientific content and institutionalization. It is a fact that some courses on maritime studies are already being taught in several countries. However, due to its recent creation, this field of study has yet to produce a body of academic work of reference. For this reason, it is poorly known and there are not many scientific papers related to it. This scientific article aims to share some preliminary thoughts on how to develop and deliver such a course in our country. In addition, it intends to facilitate the understanding of how to structure the research lines of an academic body dedicated to the investigation and teaching of maritime studies. Furthermore, it contributes to the reflection on a possible way to achieve these two goals, taking advantage of the potential of teaching, research and development, as well as the resources, capabilities and competences of commercial, industrial, academic, applied science and maritime security and safety corporations that exist in Portugal.
- A ideia de uma sociedade cristã, o liberalismo e as duas cidadesPublication . Ferro, PedroNeste texto, revisito a relação entre o liberalismo político e “a ideia de uma sociedade cristã”, à luz do reacender do debate académico e ideológico sobre a salubridade moral e social do liberalismo contemporâneo e sobre a (in)compatibilidade entre a modernidade liberal secular e os valores da tradição judaico-cristã. Para este efeito, remonto, primeiro, à linhagem histórica e conceptual do(s) liberalismo(s). Detenho-me na sugestão de Böckenförde, segundo a qual o Estado constitucional é sobretudo uma ordem de liberdade e de paz, em contraste com a antiga ordem de verdade e virtude, sublinhando que a ordem liberal democrática assenta na especificidade da ética política e institucional e na ideia de “razão pública”. Depois, abordo os limites, riscos e eventuais contradições desta concepção, no que respeita à neutralidade moral do Estado e à relação entre “statecraft” e “soulcraft”, atendendo também à evidência crescente de um liberalismo iliberal. Expresso a minha convicção de que a ordem liberal não é autossuficiente: precisa de um suplemento de alma, necessita de conversar com algo que lhe é exterior, nomeadamente com a tradição clássica e a Fé bíblica. Finalmente, discuto qual o significado e o lugar, num regime liberal, da “ideia de uma sociedade cristã”.
- The 5G conundrum amid geopolitics and security in EuropePublication . Lozovan, CorinaThe 5G network is the latest generation of wireless technology, representing an upgrade in the digitalrevolution. Although it is supposed to bring tremendous benefits for both enterprises and consumers, it hasstarted to be perceived as a critical infrastructure, becoming one of the most significant fields of competitionamong global powers. Hence, 5G should be seen in the context of a more geopolitical world order causedby the rise of China as a global technology leader. With a focus primarily on Europe and its 5Gimplementation process, this paper aims to understand the core stakes in the 5G debate. The first part of thepaper focuses on the 5G divergent strategy on Huawei in a fragmented Europe. The current debate on 5Gwill determine Europe’s alliance with the United States and its relation with China. The second part of thepaper examines the 5G implementation process in Portugal, a member of the European Union stillcooperating with Huawei. The last part of the paper considers the geopolitical and security implications ofhaving a 5G network dominated by Huawei.
- Assessing China and Angola relations: the implications of the 'Angola model’ of economic developmentPublication . Machado, PamelaThe increasingly close relationship between China and Africa has been extensively discussed in the international media as well as within the academic sphere: African countries play a key role in China's multi-billion project 'Belt and Road Initiative' (BRI) because the continent represents an important market opportunity for China to expand businesses and increase exports; on the receiving end, African leaders have been eager to take advantage of loans and credit lines offered by Beijing in order to spur economic development at home. Even though the BRI is said to be an economic project envisioned by the Chinese government, it has often been regarded as a tool of foreign policy as Beijing has deployed it to establish and strengthen diplomatic ties with developing countries, thus reshaping the geopolitical order. In the context of Africa, Angola has emerged as oneof China's main trading partners and much of the relationship between the two countries has centred around the use of Angola's vast oil reserves to secure infrastructure financing. This model of resource backed credit became known as 'the Angolan Model' and it was further adopted in other countries in Africa and Latin America. More than a decade after the first loan was secured, Angola finds itself in a fragile position: oil prices have hit record low levels in 2020, its economy struggles to grow and 45percent of its debt is owed to China. This paper aims to explore the relationship between China andAngola within the BRI framework, the merits and pitfalls of the 'Angolan model' of economic development, and proposes a reflection on the emerging role of China as a leading actor in the global political economy.
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