Browsing by Author "Torres, Francisco"
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- Brexit. Uma questão de racionalidade políticaPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, FranciscoO Brexit conduz-nos à questão da dimensão óptima (ou sustentável) da União Europeia. Países com preferências permanentemente divergentes ou mesmo irreconciliáveis com os objectivos da União podem e devem optar pela saída, escolhendo livremente o próprio caminho sem bloquear o processo de integração europeia. O Brexit escolha livre e democrática do RU é por isso um desenvolvimento lógico e positivo para a Europa.
- Brexit: uma perspectiva EuropeiaPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco
- EU muss eigene Interessen wahren: BrexitPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco
- EU trade and regulation: economic and political dynamicsPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, FranciscoThe EU’s new generation of deep and comprehensive free trade agreements not only promote EU trade but also have a bearing on the shape of the European model and in consequence on the sustainability of the integration project. They reach much further than conventional free trade agreements. Their benefits hinge on the abolition of non-tariff and regulatory barriers and enter into areas that are member state competences. Much depends on the agreements in question and similarity of preferences between trading partners. It is up to the EU, ultimately for the sake of the sustainability of its political integration project, to explicitly contemplate not only trade impacts but impacts on the Union’s economic model instead of letting rather than being pushed further down the road by unfolding trade dynamics.
- EU trade dynamics and the European model in the context of new globalization patterns and global governancePublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, FranciscoThis article argues that European Union (EU) trade dynamics and (old and new) globalization challenges cannot be seen in isolation from their implications for the European (economic, social, environmental) model. The EU, a staunch defender of free trade and multilateralism, faces an increasingly messy international trading system and new realities that affect its external trade (environmental and geopolitical considerations, industrial policy). Its quest to promote external trade may however sit uneasily with European values, to which EU trade policy reviews pay tribute by letter, most recently enshrining the objectives of the European Green Deal. This article questions the EU’s unfettered defence of the European model in practice through its new generation trade agreements, which are a chief embodiment of its trade policy. Those increasingly stretch into non-traditional areas, which implies that they feed back into the European model in a way that traditional trade agreements have not, via multiple channels, including regulation (standards, also environmental and labour) or investor protection clauses. The issue whether the EU privileges trade over the European model is reflected in the difficulty to find a necessary consensus among member states to ensure the ratification of recent deep trade agreements.
- Europe’s vaccine paradox: from supply to demand issuesPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco
- Lessons from the Coronavirus crisis for European integrationPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco
- Lessons on the political economy of European integration: selected topicsPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, FranciscoThis book applies a political economy lens and an interdisciplinary approach to the European integration process, analysing its sustainability. It aims at complementing the lectures on the topic in order to capacitate students to critically analyse the on-going processes of European integration as well as the current challenges facing the EU. It discusses the evolution of European integration in terms of its various stages, with emphasis on its regulatory character, notably EU trade, the Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union and the European Green Deal, and examines the issue of the optimal size and scope of the Union.
- Sobre a lógica e termos da saída do Reino Unido da União EuropeiaPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, FranciscoAo longo dos anos o Reino Unido (RU) acumulou privilégios e exceções, obstruindo permanente-mente o processo de integração europeia. Em 29 de março de 2017 invocou o artigo 50 para a saída da União Europeia (UE), decisão democrática que envolveu um referendo, confirmado várias vezes no Parlamento por maiorias esmagadoras e pelo resultado das eleições gerais de junho de 2017. Trata-se de um desenvolvimento positivo e neces-sário, visto que a União tem de salvaguardar a sua integridade e avançar com o projeto de integração europeia. Por outro lado, a UE também não pode permitir que ex-membros obtenham concessões ou privilégios que estão reservados aos membros da UE (que têm obrigações) e que iriam minar o nor-mal funcionamento da União e o projeto político de integração. Por isso, a UE não pode ceder a tentati-vas de abuso dos benefícios do clube através do tipo de “Brexit” (eufemisticamente denominado “soft Brexit”, acordos à medida ou de transição e similares) que alguns no RU parecem reclamar
- The EU’s recovery programme implemented under a new policy frameworkPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, FranciscoThis article focuses on the European Union’s recovery programme from the perspective of its contribution to the Union’s objectives. It discusses the changes brought about in terms of the EU budget (size, financing, EU objectives), notably with respect to ana EU fiscal capacity, EU own resources and incentives on the revenue side. The recovery programme having been an EU-wide response to the coronavirus crisis, the article considers the interplay between the pandemic and the European Green Deal, and the importance of the latter as the new EU policy framework. Finally it looks at the recovery programme as a crisis exit strategy, also for other crises.