Browsing by Author "Rocha, Armando"
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- Alterações climáticasPublication . Rocha, ArmandoO presente capítulo pretende apresentar o regime jurídico dasalterações climáticas, sabendo-se que este tópico pressupõe necessariamente acentralidade do Direito Internacional, mas não dispensa o recurso ao Direitoda União Europeia e ao Direito nacional. Para o efeito, procura-se dar umabreve visão sobre a ciência das alterações climáticas para, de seguida, se exporaspetos de regime jurídico das alterações climáticas (designadamente, os seusprincípios estruturantes, o dever de mitigação, os instrumentos para a mitigação,as políticas de adaptação e a possibilidade de responsabilidade dos Estados). Porfim, também se aborda a interação de regimes entre as alterações climáticas e osdireitos humanos, por um lado, e o Direito do Mar, por outro lado.
- Amicus curiae before the international tribunal for the law of the sea: the prospect of an advisory opinion on climate change and the law of the seaPublication . Rocha, ArmandoHaving in mind the prospect of a request for an advisory opinion before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, this article aims at assessing what role can be performed by amicus curiae (namely, non-governmental organizations, academia, or members of the scientific community) in such proceedings. This article argues that amicus curiae participation is open, although subject to the court’s discretion, and may provide democratic and aristocratic strength to the court’s advisory opinion. Nonetheless, this article also argues that a very broad amici curiae participation is unwelcome, implying that the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea will need to follow a rule of limited admission.
- O clima em Estrasburgo - a proteção de um clima estável após o acórdão Verein Klima Seniorinnen Schweiz et al c. SuíçaPublication . Rocha, Armando; Bernardino, Ana LuísaEste artigo analisa os acórdãos KlimaSeniorinnen e, incidentalmente, Duarte Agostinho, proferidos pelo Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem (TEDH), nos quais este tribunal se pronunciou, pela primeira vez, sobre o impacto que os fenómenos relacionados com as alterações climáticas têm no gozo efetivo de direitos humanos. Para este efeito, este artigo analisa o modo como o TEDH endossou a existência de uma obrigação positiva, decorrente do artigo 8.º da Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos (CEDH), de adoção e implementação de um quadro regulatório destinado a reduzir as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa a partir do território e jurisdição do Estado – o que implica, ainda, a análise da conceção de jurisdição extraterritorial sufragada no acórdão Duarte Agostinho. Por outro lado, este artigo analisa a leitura do TEDH sobre a condição de vítima e a legitimidade ativa ao abrigo do artigo 34.º da CEDH de indivíduos e de associações. Por fim, o artigo analisa a complexidade da execução do acórdão KlimaSeniorinnen, desde logo porque a questão climática testa os limites dos princípios da subsidiariedade, separação de poderes e margem de apreciação nacional.
- Climate governance: cities as global actorsPublication . Rocha, ArmandoDespite their lack of a formal status as subjects of international law, cities have been performing a relevant activity in the context of global climate governance. In fact, coping with climate change requires action from all levels of governance. The vulnerability of cities to climate change and its effects, hand in hand with their contribution to global GHG emissions, explain why cities have been particularly active in testing new rules, standards, and practices, which might be later codified as a treaty-based or a domestic statutory rule. Furthermore, cities have been pledging to comply with targets and deadlines of GHG emissions reduction, namely through local ordinances, if their Constitutions mandate cities to pursue environmental or climate goals. Cities’ pledges do not bind their States but sustain their States’ international commitments and help complying with the goals and obligations under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Finally, cities can participate as observers in the meetings of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, where they can contribute to the shaping of treaty rules, and offer a decisive help in climate-related litigation before international bodies. The role of cities as global actors is short, but it has proved to be efficient and there is still potential for broadening their contribution to global climate governance.
- Climate governance: cities as global actorsPublication . Rocha, ArmandoDespite their lack of a formal status as subjects of international law, cities have been performing a relevant activity in the context of global climate governance. In fact, coping with climate change requires action from all levels of governance. The vulnerability of cities to climate change and its effects, hand in hand with their contribution to global GHG emissions, explains why cities have been particularly active in testing new rules, standards, and practices, which might be later codified as a treaty-based or domestic statutory rules. Furthermore, cities have been pledging to comply with targets and deadlines of GHG emissions reduction, namely through local ordinances, in consistency with their Constitutions. Cities’ pledges do not bind their States but sustain their States’ international commitments and help complying with the goals and obligations under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Finally, cities can participate as observers in the meetings of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, where they may contribute to the shaping of treaty rules and offer a decisive help in climate-related litigation before international bodies. The role of cities as global actors is short, but it has proved to be efficient, and there is still potential for broadening their contribution to global climate governance.
- Competing perspectives and dialogue in climate change advisory opinionsPublication . Tigre, Maria Antonia; Rocha, ArmandoThe limited use of dispute settlement mechanisms under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement explains the recent upsurge in requests for advisory opinions on issues specific to climate change to international courts, namely the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. However, it is still unclear how these courts will answer the questions posed, and in particular whether they will coordinate or compete with each other. As the requesting states and bodies are well aware of this uncertainty, requesting an advisory opinion from three courts simultaneously was an ingenious (not ingenuous) strategy to clarify states’ obligations to mitigate or adapt to climate change through the international judiciary. This essay assesses how the parallel jurisdiction of courts in these cases presents an opportunity to enhance states’ obligations concerning climate change through requesting concurrent views on the same rules and obligations. It considers the potential for contradictory views between courts on the same obligations. Finally, the essay analyzes the extent to which these courts may compete or cooperate in their approach to the resolution of these issues.
- Conclusion: courts as agents of changePublication . Rocha, Armando
- Direito do ambiente marinhoPublication . Rocha, Armando; Ermida, Maria Pena
- Direito do ambiente marinhoPublication . Rocha, Armando; Ermida, Maria PenaO presente capítulo apresenta o regime jurídico de proteção e preservação do ambiente marinho, seguindo uma metodologia jurídica integrada e aberta à interação entre o Direito Internacional, da União Europeia e nacional (fundamental neste tópico). Para o efeito, aborda-se, em primeiro lugar, a emergência da questão ambiental marinha no discurso jurídico e a necessidade da sua tutela jurídica integrada e multinível. Em segundo lugar,analisa-se a regulação jurídica de cada fonte de poluição marinha, sempre juízo da interação necessária entre regimes jurídicos. Por fim, analisa-se a conservação da biodiversidade marinha, que se tem autonomizado em dois tópicos: a gestão de stocks de pesca e a criação de áreas marinhas protegidas.
- Direito e dever humano de proteção do ambiente marinhoPublication . Rocha, Armando
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