Percorrer por autor "Martins, Nuno Miguel Ornelas"
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- Can neuroscience inform economics? Rationality, emotions and preference formationPublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel OrnelasThe interaction between neuroscience and economics has gained much prominence recently, leading to the emergence of the new and expanding field of neuro-economics. I will argue that, although there is much insight to be gained from the interaction between neuroscience and economics, the implications of recent developments in neuroscience and neuroeconomics for the deductivist methodology of mainstream economics, and its emphasis on prediction of events, have not been sufficiently addressed. In fact, much research on neuroeconomics has contributed to the formulation of deductivist models aimed at the prediction of events, when the more fruitful use of neuroscience in economics consists rather in the utilisation of its insights for the development of an explanation of social behaviour that moves beyond the mainstream deductivist methodology. The somatic marker hypothesis, developed by Damasio and others working closely with him, will be suggested as an alternative framework for conceptualising the emergence of social behaviour from a neurobiological substrate.
- Critical ethical naturalism and the transformation of economicsPublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel OrnelasIn this article I shall argue that critical ethical naturalism, an ethical position elaborated by Tony Lawson, can help understand Lawson’s critique of modern mainstream economics. According to critical ethical naturalism, human action should be concerned with removing obstacles that lie in the way of human development and flourishing. The attempt of transforming economics into a discipline that contributes to human development, rather than being an obstacle to such a development, can be seen as an exercise driven by critical ethical naturalism, albeit in a more implicit way in Lawson’s earlier writings, and in a more explicit way in more recent writings. But the significance of critical ethical naturalism, as elaborated by Lawson, goes well beyond the problem of transforming economics, and so I shall also highlight some more general implications of this ethical position before addressing the specific problem of transforming economics. To do so, I will first present Lawson’s critical ethical naturalism, while showing the relevance of his social ontology for the study of ethics at various levels of generality, including meta-ethics, ethical theory and applied ethics.
- Desenvolvimento e Sustentabilidade no Pensamento EconómicoPublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel Ornelas
- Economic Approaches to Human Labour: From the Labour Theory of Value to the Marginal Productivity of LabourPublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel OrnelasA most prominent economic framework, certainly very influential in policy circles, is the idea of a labour market, in which wages are set according to the demand for labour, which depends upon the marginal productivity of labour, and the supply of labour, which depends upon how subjective preferences lead to a given trade-off between consumption and leisure. This analytical framework, which leads to the conclusion that an efficient allocation of labour requires sufficient flexibility in the labour market, contrasts sharply with the approach to human labour of the early classical political economists, who studied value not in terms of supply and demand curves, but rather in terms of the cost of production, expressed in terms of human labour. Here I will discuss these two alternative approaches to human labour, taking into account the methodological and theoretical consistency of each approach, its empirical validity, and the implications that each framework has for economic policy making and the construction of political discourse.
- Ecosystems, strong sustainability and the classical circular economyPublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel OrnelasIn this article I argue that notions such as ecosystem services and strong sustainability can be best understood and developed within the theoretical framework advanced by the classical political economists, in which a circular conception of the economy is provided. I also argue that the development of notions such as ecosystem services and strong sustainability has been constrained by the dominance of neoclassical economics, which provides a linear conception of the economy and leads to an emphasis on weak sustainability, which in turn springs from an emphasis on substitutability and aggregate capital. When assessing the relevance of classical political economy for studying ecosystem services and strong sustainability I consider not only the contributions of the classical political economists, but also more recent contributions which draw upon the classical perspective, such as Piero Sraffa's and Amartya Sen's.
- A Ética Kantiana e o Espírito do CristianismoPublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel Ornelas
- A Ética Kantiana e o Espírito do CristianismoPublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel Ornelas
- Ética, Economia e SustentabilidadePublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel OrnelasA crise económica e social actual levanta questões importantes acerca da sustentabilidade do sistema sócio-económico contemporâneo. Será argumentado aqui que, para responder à crise actual, torna-se necessário abordar duas questões éticas, designadas por Amartya Sen como a questão "Socrática", que se prende com a componente motivacional do agir humano (e o comportamento dos agentes económicos), e a questão "Aristotélica", que se relaciona com o bem comum (e tem implicações ao nível do impacto da distribuição na sustentabilidade social e económica). A crise actual resulta em larga medida de uma incapacidade da teoria económica ortodoxa para analisar estas duas questões, que sendo fundamentais para autores clássicos desde Adam Smith a Karl Marx, foram todavia marginalizadas dentro da teoria económica ortodoxa.
- Globalisation, inequality and the economic crisisPublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel OrnelasThis article addresses the effects of inequality on the globalisation process. It is argued that the recent financial and economic crisis is a manifestation of a tendency of the aggregate demand to fall relatively to aggregate supply, generated by an asymmetric income distribution, which in turn both increases, and is reinforced by, the mobility of goods, capital and labour, in a process of cumulative causation. This process has not become manifest earlier due to counteracting tendencies generated by the financial system, that were disrupted during the crisis. It is also argued that mainstream economics does not have the adequate framework for explaining the crisis, and actually contributed to the crisis through its theories and policies. Hence an alternative economic framework is suggested for addressing the crisis, drawing upon the contributions of several heterodox economic traditions, especially post-Keynesianism.
- Marx e o determinismo: observações acerca de um comentário de Sampaio BrunoPublication . Martins, Nuno Miguel Ornelas
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