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O sistema de justiça militar penal
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Abstract(s)
É indiscutível o papel crucial que as Forças Armadas desempenham na defesa e segurança do Estado e, por isso, devemos dar-lhes o reconhecimento devido. Volvidos mais de 100 anos sobre a entrada em vigor do primeiro Código de Justiça Militar, foram várias as alterações que se verificaram, quer no âmbito constitucional, em virtude das sucessivas revisões constitucionais, quer no âmbito jurídico-penal e disciplinar. Entre estas, destaca-se a aprovação de um novo Código de Justiça Militar, decorrente da alteração da Lei de Organização e Funcionamento dos Tribunais Judiciais, que, nos termos do artigo 213.º da Constituição da República Portuguesa, conduziu à extinção dos tribunais militares em tempo de paz e a criação de secções especializadas nos tribunais comuns para o julgamento dos crimes estritamente militares. Foi sendo reconhecida pela comunidade castrense e pelo poder legislativo, a necessidade de adaptar e harmonizar o Direito Penal Militar com as novas realidades, submetendo-se aos princípios gerais do Direito, mas conservando as suas especificidades. Neste sentido, tornou-se conveniente, por meio de uma abordagem abrangente, descrever e caracterizar o atual Código de Justiça Militar e, consecutivamente, o “novo” sistema de justiça militar penal. Para tanto, propusemo-nos, especificamente, a explicar a razão de ser do Direito Penal Militar perante a existência do Direito Penal geral, através de uma breve descrição da Instituição Militar e dos valores pelos quais esta se rege, mormente a disciplina e a hierarquia. Procedemos também a uma análise comparativa entre Direito Penal Militar e Direito Penal geral. No entanto, tratamos apenas de alguns institutos jurídicos, nomeadamente: a tentativa, a liberdade condicional, a determinação da medida da pena, a reincidência e as causas de exclusão da ilicitude e da culpa. O esclarecimento destes assuntos é o objetivo da presente investigação. Apesar da dificuldade em encontrar material bibliográfico, o estudo revelou que muito já foi feito, contudo, existe ainda um longo caminho a percorrer para aperfeiçoar o Direito Penal Militar e cativar os profissionais do Direito para a análise deste tema.
There is no doubt the crucial role that the armed forces play in the defense and security of the state so, therefore, we must give them due recognition. After more than 100 years of the entry into force of the first Code of Military Justice, there were several changes that have occurred either in the constitutional context, because of the successive constitutional revisions, whether the legal-criminal and disciplinary context. Among these, there is the adoption of a new Code of Military Justice, due to the change of the Law of Organization and Functioning of the Judicial Courts, which, under the Article 213 of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, led to the extinction of military courts in time of peace and the creation of specialized branches in the ordinary courts for the trial of strictly military crimes. It was being recognized by castrense community and the legislature, the need to adapt and harmonize the Military Penal Law with the new realities, submitting to general principles of law, while retaining their specificities. In this sense, it has become convenient through a comprehensive approach, describe and characterize the current Code of Military Justice and consecutively the "new" criminal military justice system. Therefore, we set out specifically to explain the rationale of the Military Penal Law before the existence of the general criminal law, through a brief description of the military institution and the values by which it is governed, especially discipline and hierarchy. We also proceed to a comparative analysis between Military Penal Law and general criminal law. However, we only treat some legal institutes, namely: the attempt, probation, determining the extent of the penalty, recidivism and the exclusion causes of illegality and guilt. Clarifying these issues is the objective of this research. Despite the difficulty in finding library materials, the study revealed that much has been done, however, there is still a long way to go to improve the Military Penal Law and captivate Law professionals in the analysis of this topic.
There is no doubt the crucial role that the armed forces play in the defense and security of the state so, therefore, we must give them due recognition. After more than 100 years of the entry into force of the first Code of Military Justice, there were several changes that have occurred either in the constitutional context, because of the successive constitutional revisions, whether the legal-criminal and disciplinary context. Among these, there is the adoption of a new Code of Military Justice, due to the change of the Law of Organization and Functioning of the Judicial Courts, which, under the Article 213 of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, led to the extinction of military courts in time of peace and the creation of specialized branches in the ordinary courts for the trial of strictly military crimes. It was being recognized by castrense community and the legislature, the need to adapt and harmonize the Military Penal Law with the new realities, submitting to general principles of law, while retaining their specificities. In this sense, it has become convenient through a comprehensive approach, describe and characterize the current Code of Military Justice and consecutively the "new" criminal military justice system. Therefore, we set out specifically to explain the rationale of the Military Penal Law before the existence of the general criminal law, through a brief description of the military institution and the values by which it is governed, especially discipline and hierarchy. We also proceed to a comparative analysis between Military Penal Law and general criminal law. However, we only treat some legal institutes, namely: the attempt, probation, determining the extent of the penalty, recidivism and the exclusion causes of illegality and guilt. Clarifying these issues is the objective of this research. Despite the difficulty in finding library materials, the study revealed that much has been done, however, there is still a long way to go to improve the Military Penal Law and captivate Law professionals in the analysis of this topic.
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Keywords
Direito penal Código de justiça militar Instituição militar Military penal law Code of military justice Military institution