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Abstract(s)
A presente dissertação convida o leitor a debruçar-se sobre as críticas endereçadas por
Carl Schmitt ao Liberalismo não intervencionista do século XIX. O autor foi uma importante
figura política que tem ressurgido em vários estudos devido à procura de novas formas de
desafiar o modelo político liberal, o qual, para o autor em causa, se mostra inflexível ao longo
da história. As críticas ao Liberalismo identificadas por Schmitt são a neutralidade, ou seja, a
anulação da hipótese de conflitualidade que nega a dicotomia amigo-inimigo; o
individualismo liberal, o qual não permite a unidade política; a inviabilidade do parlamento
devido ao conflito de interesses dos partidos e da falta de transparência; e a incapacidade do
Liberalismo decidir em situações excecionais, ou seja, a impossibilidade da presença de uma
entidade soberana para o fazer.
Revisitando as obras e artigos de Chantal Mouffe, Leo Strauss, Ellen Kennedy e John
McCormick, podemos compreender como estes autores incorporaram Schmitt numa leitura
que visa fortalecer as várias propostas que podem consolidar o próprio Liberalismo. Conceitos
aprofundados pelos autores como o pluralismo agonista, a cidadania, a liberdade, a igualdade,
o Estado de Natureza, a cultura, o parlamentarismo, a Constituição de Weimar, o Romantismo
alemão, a tecnologia, a ditadura e a estética, contribuíram para uma reflexão mais ampla
acerca do papel de Schmitt na temática do Liberalismo ao longo do tempo. Estes autores
permitem encarar uma mesma realidade mas de ângulos distintos, pois encaixam-se em
diferentes espaços temporais e pertencem a várias correntes políticas e ideológicas. Sendo
Carl Schmitt um pensador bastante completo e muito complexo, o papel dos quatro autores
escolhidos passa por despertar no leitor interrogações constantes acerca da “perfeição” da
corrente liberal e também acerca do próprio Schmitt e do seu percurso como jurista, como
membro do partido nazi, mas sobretudo como filósofo político numa época conturbada da
nossa história.
The present dissertation invites the reader to look at the criticisms addressed by Carl Schmitt to the XIX century non-interventionist Liberalism. The author was an important political figure who reappeared in several studies due to the search for new ways to challenge the liberal political model, which, for the author in question, has been inflexible throughout history. The critics of Liberalism identified by Schmitt are neutrality, that is, the impossibility of conflict that denies the friend-enemy dichotomy; liberal individualism, which does not allow political unit; the parliament’s impracticability due to the conflict of interests between political parties and the lack of transparency; and the inability of Liberalism to decide in exceptional situations, that is, the impossibility of the presence of a sovereign identity to do so. Revisiting the work of Chantal Mouffe, Leo Strauss, Ellen Kennedy, and John McCormick, we can understand how these authors incorporated Schmitt in the aim to strengthen the various proposals that can help Liberalism to consolidate himself. Some of the concepts deepened by the authors such as agonistic pluralism, citizenship, freedom, equality, the State of Nature, parliamentarism, the Weimar Constitution, German Romanticism, technology, dictatorship and aesthetics, contributed to a broader reflection on Schmitt’s role in Liberalism over time. These authors allow us to face the same reality but from different angles, as they fit into distinct temporal spaces and belong to various political and ideological sides. As Schmitt is a very complete and complex thinker, the role of the four chosen authors is to create constant questions about the “perfection” of Liberalism, and also about Schmitt himself and his career as a jurist, as a member of the Nazi party, but most importantly, as a political philosopher during tumultuous times.
The present dissertation invites the reader to look at the criticisms addressed by Carl Schmitt to the XIX century non-interventionist Liberalism. The author was an important political figure who reappeared in several studies due to the search for new ways to challenge the liberal political model, which, for the author in question, has been inflexible throughout history. The critics of Liberalism identified by Schmitt are neutrality, that is, the impossibility of conflict that denies the friend-enemy dichotomy; liberal individualism, which does not allow political unit; the parliament’s impracticability due to the conflict of interests between political parties and the lack of transparency; and the inability of Liberalism to decide in exceptional situations, that is, the impossibility of the presence of a sovereign identity to do so. Revisiting the work of Chantal Mouffe, Leo Strauss, Ellen Kennedy, and John McCormick, we can understand how these authors incorporated Schmitt in the aim to strengthen the various proposals that can help Liberalism to consolidate himself. Some of the concepts deepened by the authors such as agonistic pluralism, citizenship, freedom, equality, the State of Nature, parliamentarism, the Weimar Constitution, German Romanticism, technology, dictatorship and aesthetics, contributed to a broader reflection on Schmitt’s role in Liberalism over time. These authors allow us to face the same reality but from different angles, as they fit into distinct temporal spaces and belong to various political and ideological sides. As Schmitt is a very complete and complex thinker, the role of the four chosen authors is to create constant questions about the “perfection” of Liberalism, and also about Schmitt himself and his career as a jurist, as a member of the Nazi party, but most importantly, as a political philosopher during tumultuous times.