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Relação entre a memória de trabalho e a flexibilidade cognitiva em crianças do pré-escolar
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Introdução: Designam-se como funções executivas (FE) um conjunto de processos envolvidos na criação, execução, supervisão e adaptação de um comportamento face a um objetivo. Funções Executivas (FE) são compostas por três componentes: (1) o controlo inibitório, (2) memória de trabalho e (3) a flexibilidade cognitiva. A Flexibilidade Cognitiva, capacidade complexa, de desenvolvimento tardio que demonstra melhorias com o desenvolvimento da Memória de Trabalho, mas a natureza destas correlações não é clara. Objetivos: Avaliar o desempenho de crianças entre os 3 e os 5 anos em tarefas de MT e FC e avaliar a relação entre a MT e FC nas mesmas crianças. Metodologia: A amostra foi constituída por 63 crianças com desenvolvimento típico que foram submetidas às tarefas Mr.Ant e Card Sorting da Early Years Toolbox. Resultados: O grupo de 3 anos apresentou um desempenho significativamente inferior ao do grupo de 5 anos e o grupo de 4 anos apresentou um desempenho significativamente inferior com o grupo de 5 anos tanto na tarefa de memoria de trabalho como na tarefa de flexibilidade cognitiva. Apenas o grupo de 4 anos apresentou corelações fortes e positivas entre as variáveis para a Memória de trabalho e as variáveis para a Flexibilidade Cognitiva. Conclusões: Verificou-se um aumento na capacidade da capacidade de MT e na capacidade de FC em função da idade, todavia observou-se que o aumento não foi totalmente progressivo, não havendo diferenças entre os grupos com 3 anos e os 4 anos. Não se verificaram correlações entre ambas as funções para idades inferiores ou superiores a 4 anos.
Introduction: Executive functions (EF) are a set of processes involved in creating, executing, supervising, and adapting behavior to a goal. Executive functions (EF) are made up of three components: (1) inhibitory control, (2) working memory and (3) cognitive flexibility. Cognitive Flexibility is a complex, late-developing ability that shows improvements with the development of Working Memory, but the nature of these correlations is unclear. Objectives: To assess the performance of children between 3 and 5 years of age in MT and CF tasks and to evaluate the relationship between MT and CF in the same children. Methodology: The sample consisted of 63 children with typical development who were submitted to the Mr.Ant and Card Sorting tasks from the Early Years Toolbox. Results: The 3-year-old group performed significantly less well than the 5-year-old group and the 4-year-old group performed significantly less well than the 5-year-old group in both the working memory task and the cognitive flexibility task. Only the 4-year-old group showed strong, positive correlations between the variables for Working Memory and the variables for Cognitive Flexibility. Conclusions: There was an increase in MT capacity and HR capacity as a function of age, but the increase was not completely progressive, and there were no differences between the 3-year-old and 4-year-old groups. There were no correlations between the two functions at ages below or above 4 years.
Introduction: Executive functions (EF) are a set of processes involved in creating, executing, supervising, and adapting behavior to a goal. Executive functions (EF) are made up of three components: (1) inhibitory control, (2) working memory and (3) cognitive flexibility. Cognitive Flexibility is a complex, late-developing ability that shows improvements with the development of Working Memory, but the nature of these correlations is unclear. Objectives: To assess the performance of children between 3 and 5 years of age in MT and CF tasks and to evaluate the relationship between MT and CF in the same children. Methodology: The sample consisted of 63 children with typical development who were submitted to the Mr.Ant and Card Sorting tasks from the Early Years Toolbox. Results: The 3-year-old group performed significantly less well than the 5-year-old group and the 4-year-old group performed significantly less well than the 5-year-old group in both the working memory task and the cognitive flexibility task. Only the 4-year-old group showed strong, positive correlations between the variables for Working Memory and the variables for Cognitive Flexibility. Conclusions: There was an increase in MT capacity and HR capacity as a function of age, but the increase was not completely progressive, and there were no differences between the 3-year-old and 4-year-old groups. There were no correlations between the two functions at ages below or above 4 years.
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Memória de trabalho Flexibilidade cognitiva Pré-escolar Mr. Ant Card sorting Working memory Cognitive flexibility Pre-school