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Pornografia infantil virtual : a legitimidade jurídico-penal da incriminação
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Abstract(s)
Constitui objeto da presente dissertação a escalpelização da incriminação da pornografia infantil virtual e da respetiva legitimidade jurídico-penal. Prestamo-nos a aferir a consagração destas modalidades de pornografia infantil no ordenamento jurídico-penal português, designadamente no n.º 4 do artigo 176.º do Código Penal, concluindo que ambas estão inseridas no âmbito da prática dos atos descritos nas alíneas c) e d) do n.º 1 do supramencionado artigo utilizando material pornográfico com representação realista de menor. Para tanto, analisámos a evolução do reconhecimento do especial estatuto jurídico dos menores e da proteção deste grupo etário contra a violência sexual na qual se insere a pornografia infantil, bem como a evolução da incriminação da pedopornografia no domínio da União Europeia e do ordenamento jurídico-português. O cerne da nossa análise prendeu-se com a consonância da incriminação com o atual paradigma do direito penal do bem jurídico. Nestes termos, recusamos que possa estar em causa a tutela da autodeterminação sexual de um qualquer menor real concreto, admitindo, contudo, que no âmbito da modalidade parcial se tutela ainda um bem jurídico-penal eminentemente pessoal – o direito ao livre desenvolvimento da personalidade do menor na esfera sexual. Não obstante, consideramos que ambas as modalidades estão afetas à tutela de um bem jurídico-penal de cariz supraindividual – a proteção da infância e da juventude. Alertando para os riscos que os atuais desenvolvimentos tecnológicos comportam no domínio da pornografia infantil (dando particular atenção à tecnologia deepfake), bem como para os grandes benefícios económicos associados a esta indústria, asseverámos que as condutas em causa carecem de tutela penal, não podendo ser configuradas como ilícitos de mera ordenação social, sob cominação de não se cumprirem as exigências de prevenção geral negativas e positivas que, no caso, se impõe. Com a presente dissertação é, portanto, possível afirmar a legitimidade jurídico-penal da incriminação da pornografia infantil virtual, em ambas as modalidades.
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the incrimination of virtual child pornography and its legal and criminal legitimacy. We set out to assess whether these forms of child pornography are enshrined in the Portuguese legal system, specifically in Article 176(4) of the Penal Code, concluding that they both fall within the scope of the practice of the acts described in subparagraphs c) and d) of paragraph 1 of the aforementioned article, using pornographic material with a realistic representation of a minor. To this end, we analyzed the evolution of the recognition of the special legal status of minors and the protection of this age group against sexual violence, which includes child pornography, as well as the evolution of the incrimination of child pornography in the European Union and the Portuguese legal system. The crux of our analysis is whether the incrimination is in line with the current paradigm of the criminal law of the legal good. In these terms, we reject the idea that the protection of the sexual self-determination of any actual minor is at stake, admitting, however, that the partial modality also protects an eminently personal legal-penal good - the right to the free development of the minor's personality in the sexual sphere. Nonetheless, we believe that both modalities are concerned with the protection of a supra-individual criminal legal asset - the protection of children and young people. Drawing attention to the risks that current technological developments entail in the field of child pornography (paying particular attention to deepfake technology), as well as to the great economic benefits associated with this industry, we asserted that the conduct in question lacks criminal protection and cannot be classified as mere social order offenses, under penalty of failing to meet the requirements of general negative and positive prevention that are necessary in this case. With this dissertation, it is therefore possible to affirm the legal and criminal legitimacy of incriminating virtual child pornography, in both its forms.
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the incrimination of virtual child pornography and its legal and criminal legitimacy. We set out to assess whether these forms of child pornography are enshrined in the Portuguese legal system, specifically in Article 176(4) of the Penal Code, concluding that they both fall within the scope of the practice of the acts described in subparagraphs c) and d) of paragraph 1 of the aforementioned article, using pornographic material with a realistic representation of a minor. To this end, we analyzed the evolution of the recognition of the special legal status of minors and the protection of this age group against sexual violence, which includes child pornography, as well as the evolution of the incrimination of child pornography in the European Union and the Portuguese legal system. The crux of our analysis is whether the incrimination is in line with the current paradigm of the criminal law of the legal good. In these terms, we reject the idea that the protection of the sexual self-determination of any actual minor is at stake, admitting, however, that the partial modality also protects an eminently personal legal-penal good - the right to the free development of the minor's personality in the sexual sphere. Nonetheless, we believe that both modalities are concerned with the protection of a supra-individual criminal legal asset - the protection of children and young people. Drawing attention to the risks that current technological developments entail in the field of child pornography (paying particular attention to deepfake technology), as well as to the great economic benefits associated with this industry, we asserted that the conduct in question lacks criminal protection and cannot be classified as mere social order offenses, under penalty of failing to meet the requirements of general negative and positive prevention that are necessary in this case. With this dissertation, it is therefore possible to affirm the legal and criminal legitimacy of incriminating virtual child pornography, in both its forms.
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Keywords
Pornografia infantil virtual Pornografia infantil Bem jurídico Deepfake Inteligência artificial Menores Virtual child pornography Child pornography Legal asset Artificial intelligence Minors
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Without CC licence