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A inovação impulsiona o crescimento económico. A sua produção implica a mobilização de recursos escassos. Quanto mais produtiva e eficiente for maior será o crescimento económico. A presente dissertação de mestrado teve como objetivo analisar o crescimento, a produtividade e a eficiência da produção de inovação na União Europeia (UE-28), no período 2006-2012, e o impacto de determinadas variáveis ambientais sobre os níveis de ineficiência técnica. A base de dados resulta do relatório do Innovation Union Scoreboard de 2014. O método utilizado foi o da análise de fronteiras estocásticas (SFA), segundo o modelo de Battese et Coelli (1995) e utilizando uma função Cobb-Douglas. O crescimento da inovação foi decomposto em acumulação do input, variações da produtividade (TFP) e numa componente residual (random shocks). As variações do TFP foram decompostas em mudanças tecnológicas, de escala e de ineficiência técnica, segundo a decomposição de Kumbhakar e Lovell (2000). Os resultados obtidos mostram que a produção de inovação exibe rendimentos decrescentes à escala. No período analisado não houve mudanças tecnológicas e o crescimento da inovação na UE-28 é devido aos ganhos de produtividade, à acumulação de fator e à componente residual. Os ganhos de produtividade resultam exclusivamente dos aumentos da eficiência técnica. Especulamos que a componente residual poderá ser explicada pela Grande Recessão mundial. A ineficiência técnica diminui com o crescimento económico, com o aumento do rendimento médio, com a redução da desigualdade económica, com o controlo da inflação e do desemprego. Excesso de liquidez financeira e de descentralização política contribuem para o aumento da ineficiência técnica.
Innovation drives economic growth. Its production involves the use of scarce resources. The more productive and efficient it is the greater will be economic growth. The present thesis aimed to analyze growth, productivity and efficiency of innovation production in the European Union (EU-28), in the period 2006-2012, as well as the impact of certain environmental variables on the technical inefficiency. The database comes from the Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 report. The method employed was the stochastic frontiers analysis (SFA), specified according to Battese et Coelli (1995) model and using a Cobb–Douglas function. Innovation growth was decomposed in input accumulation, total factor productivity (TFP) changes and random shocks. TFP changes were decomposed in technological change, technical efficiency change and variations in returns to scale according to Kumbhakar et Lovell (2000) decomposition. Results show that the production of innovation has decreasing returns to scale. In the period under analysis there was no technological change. Innovation growth in the EU-28 resulted from productivity gains, accumulation of inputs and from a residual component. The productivity gains resulted exclusively from the increase of technical efficiency. We speculate that the residual component can be explained by the Great Recession. Technical inefficiency decreases with economic growth, higher standards of living, reduction of economic inequality, and the control of inflation and unemployment. Excessive financial liquidity and political decentralization contribute to increase technical inefficiency.
Innovation drives economic growth. Its production involves the use of scarce resources. The more productive and efficient it is the greater will be economic growth. The present thesis aimed to analyze growth, productivity and efficiency of innovation production in the European Union (EU-28), in the period 2006-2012, as well as the impact of certain environmental variables on the technical inefficiency. The database comes from the Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 report. The method employed was the stochastic frontiers analysis (SFA), specified according to Battese et Coelli (1995) model and using a Cobb–Douglas function. Innovation growth was decomposed in input accumulation, total factor productivity (TFP) changes and random shocks. TFP changes were decomposed in technological change, technical efficiency change and variations in returns to scale according to Kumbhakar et Lovell (2000) decomposition. Results show that the production of innovation has decreasing returns to scale. In the period under analysis there was no technological change. Innovation growth in the EU-28 resulted from productivity gains, accumulation of inputs and from a residual component. The productivity gains resulted exclusively from the increase of technical efficiency. We speculate that the residual component can be explained by the Great Recession. Technical inefficiency decreases with economic growth, higher standards of living, reduction of economic inequality, and the control of inflation and unemployment. Excessive financial liquidity and political decentralization contribute to increase technical inefficiency.
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Keywords
Inovação Fronteiras estocásticas União Europeia Innovation Stochastic frontier analysis European Union