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Abstract(s)
Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida com o intuito de analisar as ramificações e
características do fenómeno da guerra híbrida e da subversão, mais propriamente o que
estes dois métodos acarretam geopoliticamente e para a projeção de poder.
A investigação foi dedicada a dois países e superpotências, os Estados Unidos da
América e a República Popular da China, para além de uma contextualização da respetiva
cultura estratégica. Esta dissertação examina a História de Grand Strategy e da Estratégia
em si, ao mesmo tempo que é explorado o contexto histórico e a cultura estratégica dos
países mencionados, no empenho pela proteção dos seus interesses. Estão incluídos dois
case studies para examinar elementos da política nacional e para corroborar possíveis
paralelismos. No caso dos EUA, o case study diz respeito à intervenção na Líbia de 2011,
nomeadamente as consequências estratégias que a intervenção acarretou na região. O case
study da China representa uma análise da campanha contemporânea no Mar do Sul da
China, e por exemplo, os esforços não-convencionais e subversivos conduzidos para
projetar poder.
O ano de 1989 marca um progresso acelerado de rutura com o modelo da Guerra
Fria, começando a surgir sinais de evidente implosão do bloco soviético como a queda do
Muro de Berlim. Para os EUA isto implicou uma tardia avaliação da sua situação como
superpotência. Para a China, o ano de 1989 corresponde aos protestos de Tiananmen e da
reavaliação por parte do Partido Comunista Chinês à sua agenda nacional e internacional,
ao projeto maoista e à questão do socialismo com características chinesas.
A comparação do âmbito da guerra híbrida entre os Estados Unidos da América e
da República Popular da China revela as diferenças entre a sua capacidade militar
convencional e a sua cultura estratégica. A China tem utilizado métodos híbridos para
reduzir a capacidade militar e económica dos EUA, enquanto aumenta o seu próprio
arsenal militar. Como resposta, recentemente a superpotência norte-americana tem
adotado uma posição mais assertiva em lidar com a interferência chinesa.
This dissertation was developed with the intent of analysing the intricate characteristics of hybrid warfare and subversion, particularly what these two methods entail geopolitically and for the projection of power. The research has been dedicated to two countries and superpowers, the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, along with a contextualisation of their strategic culture. This academic effort examines the history of Grand Strategy and strategy, while also exploring the History and culture of the aforementioned countries, in their long-term pursuit to protect their interests. It also includes two case studies to delve further into their specific elements and to corroborate possible parallelisms. For the United States of America, the case study concerns the 2011 intervention in Libya and what it entailed, such as the strategic consequences in the region. For the People's Republic of China, the case study pertains to the long-term campaign in the South China Sea, and for example, the nonconventional and subversive efforts conducted to project power in the region. The year of 1989 represents the accelerated breakthrough and split of the Cold War’s model, as signs of evident implosion of the eastern bloc are revealed, such as the fall of the Berlin Wall. For the USA this implied a belated evaluation of the strategic situation as a superpower. For China, the year of 1989 correlates to the protests of Tiananmen and the revaluation on behalf of the Communist Party of their domestic and foreign agenda, of the Maoist project and the concerns regarding socialism with Chinese characteristics. The comparison of the United States and China concerning hybrid warfare elucidates the differences between their military capacity and strategic culture. China has been conducting hybrid efforts to reduce the USA’s capacity, while improving its own arsenal. As a reaction, the United States superpower has recently adopted an assertive position regarding Chinese interference.
This dissertation was developed with the intent of analysing the intricate characteristics of hybrid warfare and subversion, particularly what these two methods entail geopolitically and for the projection of power. The research has been dedicated to two countries and superpowers, the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, along with a contextualisation of their strategic culture. This academic effort examines the history of Grand Strategy and strategy, while also exploring the History and culture of the aforementioned countries, in their long-term pursuit to protect their interests. It also includes two case studies to delve further into their specific elements and to corroborate possible parallelisms. For the United States of America, the case study concerns the 2011 intervention in Libya and what it entailed, such as the strategic consequences in the region. For the People's Republic of China, the case study pertains to the long-term campaign in the South China Sea, and for example, the nonconventional and subversive efforts conducted to project power in the region. The year of 1989 represents the accelerated breakthrough and split of the Cold War’s model, as signs of evident implosion of the eastern bloc are revealed, such as the fall of the Berlin Wall. For the USA this implied a belated evaluation of the strategic situation as a superpower. For China, the year of 1989 correlates to the protests of Tiananmen and the revaluation on behalf of the Communist Party of their domestic and foreign agenda, of the Maoist project and the concerns regarding socialism with Chinese characteristics. The comparison of the United States and China concerning hybrid warfare elucidates the differences between their military capacity and strategic culture. China has been conducting hybrid efforts to reduce the USA’s capacity, while improving its own arsenal. As a reaction, the United States superpower has recently adopted an assertive position regarding Chinese interference.
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Keywords
Estratégia Guerra híbrida Subversão Geoestratégia Geopolítica Strategy Hybrid warfare Subversion Geostrategy Geopolitics