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O presente estudo centra-se no enquadramento legal da questão da exposição de menores à violência doméstica, constituindo uma reflexão sobre se esta circunstância deverá consubstanciar um crime autónomo ou antes, uma mera agravação. Para o efeito, procederemos à análise do tipo legal de violência doméstica (art. 152º do CP), como se encontra atualmente consagrado, bem como das opções legislativas que têm vindo a ser adotadas no âmbito desta questão, fazendo referência, em particular, às alterações legislativas operadas pela Lei nº 57/2021, de 16/08, as quais assumiram uma importância substancial quanto a este tema, ao considerarem que as crianças que testemunham a violência doméstica, são elas próprias vítimas desse crime. Todavia, esta matéria continua a suscitar posições diversas, não sendo por isso uma questão pacífica, designadamente, ao nível da nossa jurisprudência, que nas suas decisões tende, maioritariamente, a não considerar as referidas crianças como verdadeiras vítimas, levando-nos a questionar o efeito útil das aludidas alterações legislativas recentemente levadas a cabo. Face ao exposto, pretendemos discorrer sobre potenciais soluções para que a abordagem jurídica atual seja aprimorada e se adeque de forma mais realista às necessidades que se impõem. Urge uma mudança efetiva de paradigma de modo a que as crianças expostas ao crime de violência doméstica deixem de assumir as vestes de “vítimas escondidas”.
The present paper focuses on the legal framework of the issue of minors' exposure to domestic violence, leading us to reflect on whether this circumstance should constitute an autonomous crime or rather a mere aggravation. For this purpose, we will proceed to analyze the legal type of domestic violence (Article 152 of the Penal Code), as it is currently enshrined, as well as the legislative options that have been adopted in the context of this issue, making particular reference to the legislative amendments introduced by Law No. 57/2021, of 16/08, which have assumed substantial importance regarding this topic by considering that children who witness domestic violence are themselves victims of this crime. However, this remains a contentious issue, notably at the level of our jurisprudence, which tends, mostly, not to consider these children as true victims in its decisions, leading us to question the practical effect of the legislative changes recently introduced. In light of the above, we intend to discuss potential solutions to enhance the current legal approach and to adapt it more realistically to the needs that arise. An effective change of paradigm is urgently needed so that children exposed to the crime of domestic violence cease to assume the role of "hidden victims".
The present paper focuses on the legal framework of the issue of minors' exposure to domestic violence, leading us to reflect on whether this circumstance should constitute an autonomous crime or rather a mere aggravation. For this purpose, we will proceed to analyze the legal type of domestic violence (Article 152 of the Penal Code), as it is currently enshrined, as well as the legislative options that have been adopted in the context of this issue, making particular reference to the legislative amendments introduced by Law No. 57/2021, of 16/08, which have assumed substantial importance regarding this topic by considering that children who witness domestic violence are themselves victims of this crime. However, this remains a contentious issue, notably at the level of our jurisprudence, which tends, mostly, not to consider these children as true victims in its decisions, leading us to question the practical effect of the legislative changes recently introduced. In light of the above, we intend to discuss potential solutions to enhance the current legal approach and to adapt it more realistically to the needs that arise. An effective change of paradigm is urgently needed so that children exposed to the crime of domestic violence cease to assume the role of "hidden victims".
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Violência doméstica Menores Vítimas escondidas Vítimas especialmente vulneráveis Domestic violence Minors Especially vulnerable victims Hidden victims