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Abstract(s)
Atualmente, um dos temas mais debatidos no âmbito do direito internacional concerne à emergente área do ciberespaço, nomeadamente, o recurso ao uso da força em legítima defesa aquando de um ciberataque. Deste modo, a presente dissertação guiar-se-á, em termos estruturais, pelos requisitos subjacentes à legítima defesa lícita perante um ciberataque. Quanto ao primeiro requisito, são de analisar as condições em que o ciberataque pode ser considerado um ataque armado para efeitos do art. 51º da CNU e, consequentemente, os tipos de legítima defesa lícita, nesse caso, possíveis. Segue-se o esclarecimento dos problemas em redor da qualificação do ciberataque, através da diferenciação de ciberoperação e ciberataque e respetiva imputação do mesmo ao Estado. O segundo capítulo, por sua vez, dedica-se a escrutinar de que forma a legítima defesa pode ser uma resposta aceitável (e lícita) face a um ciberataque. Para tal, numa primeira fase, são de focar os critérios (ou requisitos) materiais da legítima defesa como resposta a um ciberataque; e numa segunda fase, a natureza que a legítima defesa pode assumir em reação ao mesmo. Por fim, é de ressalvar o trabalho desenvolvido pelas organizações internacionais no domínio da ciberdefesa, avaliando-se a forma como este trabalho se tem relacionado com debates mais amplos no âmbito do direito internacional. Em suma, o estudo deste tema permitiu concluir que, no que respeita à construção de normas específicas aplicadas às operações cibernéticas, o direito internacional ainda tem um longo caminho a percorrer. Esta investigação permitiu ainda concluir que, não obstante ser consensual que a ciberdefesa, enquanto resposta proporcional a um ciberataque, é lícita e permitida, é muito difícil verificar todos os requisitos de uma legítima defesa lícita num contexto cibernético.
In regard to International Law, the emerging area of cyberspace is currently one of the most trending topics, especially concerning the use of force in self-defence when a cyberattack occurs. Consequently, this dissertation will abide, in structural terms, by the requirements of the right of self-defence against a cyberattack. Firstly, the conditions under which a cyberattack may be considered an armed attack must be analysed for the purposes of article 51 of the UN Charter; as well as the following types of a lawful self-defence in the aforementioned context. After that, distinguishing a cyber-operation from a cyberattack, and its respective imputation to a State will allow to highlight the main cyberattack qualification issues. The second chapter scrutinizes how self-defence can be an acceptable (and lawful) response to a cyberattack. For this purpose, in a first stage, the material criteria (or requirements) of self-defence as a response to a cyberattack are analysed; and, in a second stage, concerning the nature of self-defence as a response to a cyberattack, the same logic is applied. Finally, international organizations work regarding cyber self-defence will be highlighted, mainly due to its contribution to broader debates within international law. In sum, this dissertation allowed the following conclusion: international law does not establish a specific cyber-operation legal framework; thus, there is a need to resort to traditional international law norms. Last but not least, this research also allowed to understand that, even though it is very hard to check all the requirements of a lawful self-defence in a cyber context, cyber self-defence is acceptable and lawful as a proportional response to a cyberattack.
In regard to International Law, the emerging area of cyberspace is currently one of the most trending topics, especially concerning the use of force in self-defence when a cyberattack occurs. Consequently, this dissertation will abide, in structural terms, by the requirements of the right of self-defence against a cyberattack. Firstly, the conditions under which a cyberattack may be considered an armed attack must be analysed for the purposes of article 51 of the UN Charter; as well as the following types of a lawful self-defence in the aforementioned context. After that, distinguishing a cyber-operation from a cyberattack, and its respective imputation to a State will allow to highlight the main cyberattack qualification issues. The second chapter scrutinizes how self-defence can be an acceptable (and lawful) response to a cyberattack. For this purpose, in a first stage, the material criteria (or requirements) of self-defence as a response to a cyberattack are analysed; and, in a second stage, concerning the nature of self-defence as a response to a cyberattack, the same logic is applied. Finally, international organizations work regarding cyber self-defence will be highlighted, mainly due to its contribution to broader debates within international law. In sum, this dissertation allowed the following conclusion: international law does not establish a specific cyber-operation legal framework; thus, there is a need to resort to traditional international law norms. Last but not least, this research also allowed to understand that, even though it is very hard to check all the requirements of a lawful self-defence in a cyber context, cyber self-defence is acceptable and lawful as a proportional response to a cyberattack.
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Keywords
Legítima ciberdefesa Ciberataque Ciberoperação Cyber self-defence Cyberattack Cyber-operation