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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A presente investigação aborda o estudo histórico, estilístico e formal de pinturas
em tectos de caixotões do Norte de Portugal entre os séculos XVII e XVIII incluindo uma
parte analítica relativa a materiais e técnicas de execução e seus problemas de conservação.
Os objectivos da investigação foram, principalmente, clarificar e identificar as formas, as
temáticas, os tipos de tectos, assim como os materiais e as técnicas utilizados e os problemas
de conservação inerentes a este género artístico.
Neste trabalho foram estudados 132 tectos, tendo-se realizado uma análise estilística
e formal, com principal foco nos perfis, nos formatos, nos tipos de suporte, nas temáticas
e na gramática decorativa presente. Do universo das obras estudadas, elegeram-se cinco
casos de estudo, com o objectivo de se realizar uma análise exaustiva relativamente à
sua contextualização histórica, temáticas e aspectos morfológicos, bem como aos materiais
e técnicas utilizados para a sua execução. Nos casos estudados é comum a madeira como
suporte, existindo outros materiais tais como a pedra e a tela, que serão abordados sumariamente.
Para o estudo detalhado realizaram-se registos das pinturas utilizando várias técnicas
fotográficas, entre as quais se destacam a fotografia de infravermelho e a fotografia da
fluorescência gerada pela radiação ultravioleta. Posteriormente, procedeu-se à realização
de diversas análises físico-químicas, com o objectivo de caracterizar técnica e materialmente
as pinturas desses tectos. Assim, de forma a ser possível identificar os aglutinantes e
pigmentos aplicados nas pinturas, recorreu-se à microscopia óptica (MO), à espectrometria
de fluorescência de raios-X dispersiva de energia (EDXRF), à micro-espectroscopia de
infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (micro-FTIR), à realização de testes de coloração
e ao exame morfológico de fibras têxteis.
Os resultados obtidos nos casos de estudo permitiram identificar, para além de
aspectos morfológicos e estilísticos, os principais materiais e técnicas utilizados. De
destacar a utilização de preparações em que a presença de gesso, carbonato de cálcio e
branco de chumbo aglutinados em óleo e, por vezes, também em material proteico.
Todavia, as preparações coloridas foram muito utilizadas, sobretudo compostas por
pigmentos terra. Em alguns casos, foram aplicadas imprimituras sobre as preparações brancas ou claras, que conferiam uma base colorida, permitindo ao pintor tirar partido na
construção das cores, deixando-a, por vezes, intencionalmente a descoberto. Em termos de
aglutinantes pictóricos, o óleo foi dominante em todos os casos de estudo e os pigmentos
nele aglutinados inserem-se no grupo de materiais disponíveis na época.
This research refers to the historical, stylistic and formal study of paintings on coffered ceilings of the North of Portugal between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and also analytical study concerning performance materials and techniques and their conservation problems. This work was intended to help overcome the existing gap in the national panorama relating to morphological, technical and material aspects on coffered ceiling paintings. The research objectives were mainly to simplify and identify the forms, themes, types of ceilings, the materials and techniques used and the conservation problems inherent to this artistic form. In this work, 132 ceilings were studied, having been performed a stylistic and formal analysis, focusing primarily on profiles, formats, types of support, themes and decorative elements present. From the range of cases studies, five were elected in order to conduct a thorough analysis in relation to their historical context, thematic and morphological aspects as well as the materials and techniques used for its execution. The five case studies have wood as support in common, as there are other materials such as stone and canvas, which will also be addressed. Records were held using numerous photographic techniques, among which the infrared fluorescence photography and photography generated by ultraviolet radiation stand out. Subsequently, various physical and chemical analysis were carried out, in order to characterize the paintings of these ceilings both technically and materially. Therefore, in order to identify binders and pigments applied to the paintings, various exams were carried out, such as optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (micro-FTIR) coloring tests and morphological examination of textile fibers, the latter in a particular case. The results in the case studies allowed to identify, in addition to morphological and stylistic features, the main materials and techniques used. We can emphasize the use of preparations in which the presence of gypsum, calcium carbonate and white lead agglutinated in oil and sometimes also protein material. However, colored preparations were widely used mainly composed of earth pigments. In some cases, imprimituras were applied to white preparations, which gave a colored base, allowing the artist to take advantage in the construction of the colors, leaving it sometimes intentionally uncovered. In terms of pictorial binders, the oil was dominant in all the case studies and their agglutinated pigments fit into the group of materials available at the time.
This research refers to the historical, stylistic and formal study of paintings on coffered ceilings of the North of Portugal between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and also analytical study concerning performance materials and techniques and their conservation problems. This work was intended to help overcome the existing gap in the national panorama relating to morphological, technical and material aspects on coffered ceiling paintings. The research objectives were mainly to simplify and identify the forms, themes, types of ceilings, the materials and techniques used and the conservation problems inherent to this artistic form. In this work, 132 ceilings were studied, having been performed a stylistic and formal analysis, focusing primarily on profiles, formats, types of support, themes and decorative elements present. From the range of cases studies, five were elected in order to conduct a thorough analysis in relation to their historical context, thematic and morphological aspects as well as the materials and techniques used for its execution. The five case studies have wood as support in common, as there are other materials such as stone and canvas, which will also be addressed. Records were held using numerous photographic techniques, among which the infrared fluorescence photography and photography generated by ultraviolet radiation stand out. Subsequently, various physical and chemical analysis were carried out, in order to characterize the paintings of these ceilings both technically and materially. Therefore, in order to identify binders and pigments applied to the paintings, various exams were carried out, such as optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (micro-FTIR) coloring tests and morphological examination of textile fibers, the latter in a particular case. The results in the case studies allowed to identify, in addition to morphological and stylistic features, the main materials and techniques used. We can emphasize the use of preparations in which the presence of gypsum, calcium carbonate and white lead agglutinated in oil and sometimes also protein material. However, colored preparations were widely used mainly composed of earth pigments. In some cases, imprimituras were applied to white preparations, which gave a colored base, allowing the artist to take advantage in the construction of the colors, leaving it sometimes intentionally uncovered. In terms of pictorial binders, the oil was dominant in all the case studies and their agglutinated pigments fit into the group of materials available at the time.
Description
Keywords
Pinturas de tectos em caixotões Técnicas pictóricas Preparações Imprimitura Microscopia óptica Micro-FTIR Paintings on coffered ceilings Painting techniques Preparations Optical microscopy