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O nosso projecto de investigação representou um desafio de alto nível intelectual bastante penoso em esforços e recursos, porquanto, foi precedido de um périplo obrigatório pela rica história do conhecimento filosófico-teológico cristão, particularmente, em relação ao poder político ou civil, jusnaturalmente concebido. A pesquisa esforçou-se em responder ao desafio proposto por Calafate et al.4, sobre a necessidade urgente, por parte da academia, de se empenhar no «resgate de uma tradição relevante do magistério universitário renascentista das Universidades de Coimbra e Évora, em diálogo» com as raízes de Salamanca. Naquela tradição Neo-Escolástica, penetramos o pensamento de Francisco de Vitória que, por exemplo, contribuiu para a fundamentação da teoria da “Guerra Justa”5 e co-formulou o direito internacional moderno. São linhas que podemos encontrar nas suas portentosas obras (na verdade, conjunto de lições proferidas nas três Universidades da Península Ibérica percorridas em lecionação) com destaque a De Potestate Civili, 1528, sobre cujo valor nos empenhámos em refletir, sobretudo, a propósito da origem e finalidade do poder político e seus limites na práxis. Ao depararmo-nos com estes textos, logo percebemos a necessidade de os pesquisarmos metodicamente, delimitando o tema à visão da escola salmantina, em específico ao pensamento político de Vitória. Procedemos a buscas em escritos de dois tipos, nomeadamente, comentários a tratados preexistentes, designadamente De regno e Summa Theologiae de São Tomás de Aquino e as Sentenças de Pedro Lombardo, que serviram de base aos seus ensinamentos na Escola de Salamanca e, por outro lado, a uma série de releituras (Relectiones), resultantes de reflexões originais sobre algumas questões de vulto debatidas no seu tempo, no caso: “a natureza do poder civil, o poder que o Papa tem sobre ele, a legitimidade da expansão colonial europeia, a guerra justa”, entre outras, como sublinhou Rosas6. Ainda, pela temática selecionada, passámos, mesmo que brevemente, por referências obrigatórias que constituem o seu pano de fundo, como Santo Agostinho de Hipona e a sua “justiça” (sobretudo, em De Civitate Dei, 420-429 e Epistolários) e parte da análise breve à origem do Estado e o Governo Doméstico, etc., em A Política, de Aristóteles de Estagira, que Francisco de Vitória se não cansou de subscrever larga, directa e indirectamente.
Our research project represented a challenge of a high intellectual level, quite demanding in terms of effort and resources, as it was preceded by an obligatory journey through the rich history of Christian philosophical-theological knowledge, particularly in relation to political or civil power. The research endeavoured to respond to the challenge also taken up by Calafate et al., on the urgent need for academia to commit itself to “rescuing a relevant tradition of Renaissance University teaching at the Universities of Coimbra and Évora, in dialogue” with the roots of Salamanca. In that neo-scholastic tradition, we penetrate the thought of Francisco de Vitoria who, for example, contributed to the foundation of the theory of “Just War” and coformulated modern international law. These are lines that we can find in his portentous works (in fact, a set of lectures given at the three Universities on the Iberian Peninsula that he travelled to teach at), especially De Potestate Civili, 1528, whose value we have endeavoured to reflect on, above all, with regard to the origin and purpose of political power and its limits in praxis. When we came across these texts, we soon realised the need to research them methodically, delimiting the topic to the vision of the Salmantine school, specifically Vitoria's thought. We searched two types of writings, namely commentaries on pre-existing treatises, namely St. Thomas Aquinas' De regno and Summa Theologiae and Peter Lombardo's Sentences, which served as the basis for his teachings at the School of Salamanca and, on the other hand, a series of re-readings (Relectiones), resulting from original reflections on some major issues debated in his time, in this case: “the nature of civil power, the Pope's power over it, the legitimacy of European colonial expansion, just war”, among others, as emphasised by Rosas. We also briefly went through some of the obligatory references that form its backdrop, such as St. Augustine of Hippo and his “justice” (above all, in De Civitate Dei, 420-429 and the Epistolaries) and part of the brief analysis of the origin of the State and the Domestic Government in The Politics of Aristotle of Stagira, which Francisco de Vitoria never tired of subscribing to, both directly and indirectly.
Our research project represented a challenge of a high intellectual level, quite demanding in terms of effort and resources, as it was preceded by an obligatory journey through the rich history of Christian philosophical-theological knowledge, particularly in relation to political or civil power. The research endeavoured to respond to the challenge also taken up by Calafate et al., on the urgent need for academia to commit itself to “rescuing a relevant tradition of Renaissance University teaching at the Universities of Coimbra and Évora, in dialogue” with the roots of Salamanca. In that neo-scholastic tradition, we penetrate the thought of Francisco de Vitoria who, for example, contributed to the foundation of the theory of “Just War” and coformulated modern international law. These are lines that we can find in his portentous works (in fact, a set of lectures given at the three Universities on the Iberian Peninsula that he travelled to teach at), especially De Potestate Civili, 1528, whose value we have endeavoured to reflect on, above all, with regard to the origin and purpose of political power and its limits in praxis. When we came across these texts, we soon realised the need to research them methodically, delimiting the topic to the vision of the Salmantine school, specifically Vitoria's thought. We searched two types of writings, namely commentaries on pre-existing treatises, namely St. Thomas Aquinas' De regno and Summa Theologiae and Peter Lombardo's Sentences, which served as the basis for his teachings at the School of Salamanca and, on the other hand, a series of re-readings (Relectiones), resulting from original reflections on some major issues debated in his time, in this case: “the nature of civil power, the Pope's power over it, the legitimacy of European colonial expansion, just war”, among others, as emphasised by Rosas. We also briefly went through some of the obligatory references that form its backdrop, such as St. Augustine of Hippo and his “justice” (above all, in De Civitate Dei, 420-429 and the Epistolaries) and part of the brief analysis of the origin of the State and the Domestic Government in The Politics of Aristotle of Stagira, which Francisco de Vitoria never tired of subscribing to, both directly and indirectly.
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Keywords
Poder político Neo-escolástica Justiça Francisco de Vitória Political power Neo-scholasticism Justice Francis of Vitoria