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Abstract(s)
Essa dissertação investiga em que medida o conceito de guerra híbrida é inovador enquanto
mecanismo de coação dominante nos novos conflitos modernos, particularmente o modo de fazer
guerra da Rússia. Ou seja, a pesquisa busca perceber se as peculiaridades histórico-sociais russas são
um fator importante para o uso sistemático e coordenado de métodos híbridos por parte da Federação
Russa nas mais recentes guerras de que participou, a saber: a Segunda Guerra na Chechênia, o conflito
na Geórgia e a anexação da Crimeia.
Efetuamos, para isso, uma análise das características principais do agir da Rússia que
procuramos caracterizar a partir da formação do poder desde Vladimir de Kiev, no século 10,
passando mais tarde pela submissão russa ao controle do Império Mongol - que teve uma influência
muito significativa no modo russo de enxergar a natureza do estado e do governante e o papel do
povo no sistema. Analisamos a autocracia de Ivan, o Terrível e a instauração do czarato, a reforma do
Estado por Pedro, o Grande, que buscou controlar toda a sociedade russa, inclusivamente a Igreja
Ortodoxa, a partir de uma nova configuração da máquina estatal, da sociedade vigiada da Rússia no
século 19 e a criação de um grande serviço de inteligência – a Okhrana, que buscava desmobilizar os
diversos movimentos terroristas e revolucionários da época. Por fim, detivemo-nos na análise da
Revolução Bolchevique e na ascensão dos comunistas ao poder, em que procuramos também
identificar os traços que historicamente enformam o procedimento político estratégico da Rússia.
Os fundamentos científicos que alicerçam o trabalho aqui desenvolvido centram-se em
teóricos alinhados ao sistema militar, especialmente Frank G. Hoffman, fundamentando o conceito
de guerra híbrida; Evgenny Messner, teórico militar russo, cuja contribuição centra-se no estudo da
guerra de subversão no contexto da revolução informacional que surgiu no século 20. Ambos os
teóricos dão um significativo contributo ao estudo dos conflitos futuros, nos quais o campo de batalha
se torna mais abrangente, englobando também toda a sociedade civil e todos os meios disponíveis ao
ator. Procuramos, ainda, suporte nos estudos de George Vernadsky, António Fontes Ramos, Zbigniew
Bzerzhinsky, Nikolas Gvosdev, Christopher Marsh, Cristopher Andrew e Marcel van Herper. Portanto,
é com base nos estudos desses pesquisadores que esta dissertação se baseia para interpretar as três
últimas investidas bélicas da Rússia em territórios da antiga União Soviética: a Chechênia, a Geórgia
e a Crimeia.
This dissertation investigates to what extent the concept of hybrid warfare is innovative as a mechanism of coercion prevailing in the new modern conflicts, particularly the way Russia wages war. In other words, this research intends to realize if the Russian historical-social peculiarities are relevant factors to the systematic and coordinated use of hybrid methods by Russian Federation during the most recent wars that it participated in: the Second Chechen War, the conflict in Georgia and the Annexation of Crimea. In order to accomplish this objective, we have made an analysis of the main characteristics of the Russian way of acting since the 10th century with Vladimir of Kiev, going through the Russian submission to the control of Mongol Empire – which had a very important influence on the way Russia understands the nature of State, the leader and the people in the system. We have also analyzed the autocracy of Ivan, the Terrible, and the building of Tsardom, Peter’s Reform of the State that aimed at controlling all Russian society, including the Orthodox Church through a new shape of the state machine, the surveilled society of Russia during the 19th century and the creation of a huge intelligence service – the Okhrana, which demobilized many terrorists and revolutionaries groups of that time. Lastly, we have limited ourselves to investigate the Bolshevik Revolution and the rise of communists to power. Here we have sought to identify the nuances that historically form the political and strategic procedure of Russia. The scientific foundations of this work are the studies of military theorists, especially Frank G. Hoffman and his concept of Hybrid Warfare, and Evgenny Messner, Russian military theorist, whose contribution is related to the study of subversion war in the context of informational revolution that emerged in the 20th century. Both military experts are very important to the study of future conflicts, in which the battlefield becomes more comprehensive, involving the whole civil society and all the means available to the agent. We have also based our work on the studies of George Vernadsky, António Fontes Ramos, Zbigniew Bzerzhinsky, Nikolas Gvosdev, Christopher Marsh, Cristopher Andrew and Marcel van Herper. Therefore, based on these researchers, we have written this dissertation to interpret the last three Russia’s war on former territories of the Soviet Union: Chechnya, Georgia and Crimea.
This dissertation investigates to what extent the concept of hybrid warfare is innovative as a mechanism of coercion prevailing in the new modern conflicts, particularly the way Russia wages war. In other words, this research intends to realize if the Russian historical-social peculiarities are relevant factors to the systematic and coordinated use of hybrid methods by Russian Federation during the most recent wars that it participated in: the Second Chechen War, the conflict in Georgia and the Annexation of Crimea. In order to accomplish this objective, we have made an analysis of the main characteristics of the Russian way of acting since the 10th century with Vladimir of Kiev, going through the Russian submission to the control of Mongol Empire – which had a very important influence on the way Russia understands the nature of State, the leader and the people in the system. We have also analyzed the autocracy of Ivan, the Terrible, and the building of Tsardom, Peter’s Reform of the State that aimed at controlling all Russian society, including the Orthodox Church through a new shape of the state machine, the surveilled society of Russia during the 19th century and the creation of a huge intelligence service – the Okhrana, which demobilized many terrorists and revolutionaries groups of that time. Lastly, we have limited ourselves to investigate the Bolshevik Revolution and the rise of communists to power. Here we have sought to identify the nuances that historically form the political and strategic procedure of Russia. The scientific foundations of this work are the studies of military theorists, especially Frank G. Hoffman and his concept of Hybrid Warfare, and Evgenny Messner, Russian military theorist, whose contribution is related to the study of subversion war in the context of informational revolution that emerged in the 20th century. Both military experts are very important to the study of future conflicts, in which the battlefield becomes more comprehensive, involving the whole civil society and all the means available to the agent. We have also based our work on the studies of George Vernadsky, António Fontes Ramos, Zbigniew Bzerzhinsky, Nikolas Gvosdev, Christopher Marsh, Cristopher Andrew and Marcel van Herper. Therefore, based on these researchers, we have written this dissertation to interpret the last three Russia’s war on former territories of the Soviet Union: Chechnya, Georgia and Crimea.
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Keywords
Guerras híbridas Serviços de intelligence Rússia Guerra de subversão Revolução informacional Hybrid warfare Intelligence services Subversion warfare International revolution