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Governação da internet e direitos humanos : em especial, a vinculação da ICANN aos direitos de acesso à internet, liberdade de expressão e proteção de dados pessoais
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Abstract(s)
O estudo do tema da “Governação da Internet” e da sua associação com a “proteção dos direitos humanos” tem em vista evidenciar o contexto de progressivo movimento de penetração, interposição ou intersecção dos direitos humanos no quadro e no âmbito da governação dos recursos críticos fundamentais que permitem o estabelecimento de comunicações eletrónicas através da rede mundialmente conhecida como Internet. A complexa estrutura e modo de funcionamento das instituições que, de forma dispersa e descentralizada, protagonizam o exercício das tarefas de governação da Internet, não prejudicou a afirmação paulatina de direitos fundamentais dos internautas que procuram existir e estar representados na rede das redes. Na verdade, se inicialmente a discussão se centrou na descoberta de um novo e autónomo ramo do Direito aquando do advento e generalização da Internet (nasce um Direito Cibernético, diria Oliveira Ascensão, Direito da Internet ou Ciberdireito, conforme Barrio Andrés) – e depois na consagração e no reconhecimento de diversas normas, princípios e institutos que atualmente compõem o seu regime jurídico –, mais recentemente tem-se suscitado a questão controversa da sujeição da ICANN – a principal organização responsável pela administração dos protocolos e normas técnicas que subjazem ao funcionamento da Internet – aos cânones constitucionais e internacionais de tutela dos direitos humanos. Apesar da resistência inicial em aceitar o carácter não neutral de uma instituição dotada de competências essencialmente técnicas, o aumento da importância e da influência da sua atividade e o poder – cada vez mais objeto de sindicância e de pressões externas – em que foi investida na garantia de funcionamento da Internet forçaram a necessidade de rodear a ICANN de garantias de respeito pelos direitos humanos, impelindo-a ao cumprimento de obrigações de responsabilidade e de prestação de contas, de deveres de transparência e de regras de legitimidade (pseudo)democrática, bem como, consequentemente, à obrigação de respeito e de tutela pelos direitos no domínio online, entre os quais destacamos não só a garantia de acesso à Rede mas também a tutela da privacidade e dos dados pessoais e a liberdade de expressão em-linha. Este “novo Direito”, o seu impacto na esfera jurídica dos internautas e o papel que os direitos humanos são cada vez mais chamados a desempenhar no âmbito da governação da Internet, assim como a relação indissociável entre ambos, são os temas essenciais que o presente estudo se propõe tratar. Estudar o Direito e os direitos na Internet e, em especial, compreender o seu regime e formas de exercício ao nível da própria governação da rede assume hoje uma importância sem precedentes. Todos reconhecem a massiva penetração paulatina da Internet nas vidas de todos e de cada um de nós, abrindo portas à informação e ao conhecimento, transformando hábitos, revolucionando formas de trabalho e experiências pessoais; mas a importância das matérias a abordar também se prende com o facto de ser muito reduzida a produção científica nacional sobre as mesmas, bem como com a constatação de que a discussão jurídica sobre a relação entre a governação da Internet e os direitos humanos parece estar apenas a dar os primeiros passos, só muito recentemente tendo surgido as primeiras teorizações dogmáticas e doutrinais a este propósito. Na verdade, apesar de alguns estudos recentes, desenvolvidos sobretudo no seio do Conselho da Europa, não conhecemos nenhuma obra ou monografia, nacional ou estrangeira, especificamente sobre a relação entre os direitos humanos e o fenómeno da governação da Internet.
The study of the theme “Internet Governance” and of its connection with the “Human Rights Protection” aims to highlight the context of a progressive movement towards the integration, interposition, or intersection of human rights within the framework and scope of governance of the critical resources that allow for electronic communications to be made possible through the network commonly known as the Internet. The complex structure and functioning of the institutions that, in a scattered and decentralized way, play a leading role in the governance of the Internet have not hindered the gradual affirmation of the fundamental rights of Internet users who seek to exist and be represented on the network of networks. Initially, the discussion centered on the rise of a new and autonomous branch of law following the advent and popularization of the Internet (a new “cybernetic law”, as Oliveira Ascensão would say, “Internet law”, or “cyberlaw”, according with Barrio Andrés). Later, various norms, principles, and institutes were established and recognized that currently make up its legal regime. More recently, the controversial issue of subjecting ICANN – the main organization responsible for administering the protocols and technical standards underlying the functioning of the Internet – to constitutional and international canons of human rights protection has been raised. Despite the initial resistance to accept the non-neutral character of an institution with essentially technical competencies, the increasing importance and influence of its activity and power – increasingly subject to scrutiny and external pressures – in ensuring the functioning of the Internet have forced the need for ICANN to abide with guarantees of respect for human rights. This has compelled it to fulfill obligations of accountability and transparency, to aspire to (pseudo) democratic legitimacy, as well as, consequently, to respect and protect rights in the online domain, including the right to access the Internet, the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy and personal data protection. These essential topics, including the impact of this “new law” on the legal sphere of Internet users and the increasing role that human rights are being called upon to play in the governance of the Internet, as well as the inseparable relationship between both, are the subjects that this study proposes to address. Studying law and rights on the Internet, and especially understanding their regime and forms of exercise at the level of the network's governance, assumes unprecedented importance today. Everyone recognizes the massive gradual penetration of the Internet into the lives of all of us, opening doors to information and knowledge, transforming habits, revolutionizing forms of work and personal experiences. However, the importance of the issues to be addressed is also salient because there is very little national scientific production on them, as well as the observation that the legal discussion on the relationship between Internet governance and human rights seems to be taking its first steps, with the first dogmatic and doctrinal theorizations having emerged only very recently. In fact, despite some recent studies developed mainly within the Council of Europe, we do not know of any national or foreign work or monograph specifically on the relationship between human rights and the phenomenon of Internet governance.
The study of the theme “Internet Governance” and of its connection with the “Human Rights Protection” aims to highlight the context of a progressive movement towards the integration, interposition, or intersection of human rights within the framework and scope of governance of the critical resources that allow for electronic communications to be made possible through the network commonly known as the Internet. The complex structure and functioning of the institutions that, in a scattered and decentralized way, play a leading role in the governance of the Internet have not hindered the gradual affirmation of the fundamental rights of Internet users who seek to exist and be represented on the network of networks. Initially, the discussion centered on the rise of a new and autonomous branch of law following the advent and popularization of the Internet (a new “cybernetic law”, as Oliveira Ascensão would say, “Internet law”, or “cyberlaw”, according with Barrio Andrés). Later, various norms, principles, and institutes were established and recognized that currently make up its legal regime. More recently, the controversial issue of subjecting ICANN – the main organization responsible for administering the protocols and technical standards underlying the functioning of the Internet – to constitutional and international canons of human rights protection has been raised. Despite the initial resistance to accept the non-neutral character of an institution with essentially technical competencies, the increasing importance and influence of its activity and power – increasingly subject to scrutiny and external pressures – in ensuring the functioning of the Internet have forced the need for ICANN to abide with guarantees of respect for human rights. This has compelled it to fulfill obligations of accountability and transparency, to aspire to (pseudo) democratic legitimacy, as well as, consequently, to respect and protect rights in the online domain, including the right to access the Internet, the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy and personal data protection. These essential topics, including the impact of this “new law” on the legal sphere of Internet users and the increasing role that human rights are being called upon to play in the governance of the Internet, as well as the inseparable relationship between both, are the subjects that this study proposes to address. Studying law and rights on the Internet, and especially understanding their regime and forms of exercise at the level of the network's governance, assumes unprecedented importance today. Everyone recognizes the massive gradual penetration of the Internet into the lives of all of us, opening doors to information and knowledge, transforming habits, revolutionizing forms of work and personal experiences. However, the importance of the issues to be addressed is also salient because there is very little national scientific production on them, as well as the observation that the legal discussion on the relationship between Internet governance and human rights seems to be taking its first steps, with the first dogmatic and doctrinal theorizations having emerged only very recently. In fact, despite some recent studies developed mainly within the Council of Europe, we do not know of any national or foreign work or monograph specifically on the relationship between human rights and the phenomenon of Internet governance.
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Direito da internet Governação da internet Direitos humanos Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Internet law Internet governance Human rights
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Without CC licence