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Abstract(s)
A Eleição Presidencial dos Estados Unidos em 2016 ficará para sempre marcada pela interferência da Rússia e pelo envolvimento da Cambridge Analytica. Nesta eleição, a ideia de que a tecnologia digital, as redes sociais, a internet e o ciberespaço fariam do mundo um lugar mais aberto e livre foi desafiada, dado que Rússia e Cambridge Analytica instrumentalizaram estes meios para, através de desinformação, prejudicarem um candidato e enaltecerem outro, conduzindo o eleitorado a votar, não com base em factos, mas com base em narrativas criadas.
Neste trabalho, procuraremos mostrar como é que o Estado soberano e autoritário da Rússia, bem como a firma Cambridge Analytica, usaram a liberdade de expressão e a livre circulação de informação, que tão queridos são às democracias liberais, para veicular desinformação, numa tentativa de manipular a escolha democrática dum novo líder político através da tecnologia digital.
Tendo em conta que estes esforços de manipulação ocorreram sobretudo no ciberespaço, um domínio cada vez mais acessível e presente na vida das populações, em que a evolução tecnológica é extraordinariamente veloz, e que já quatros anos passaram desde a eleição, procuraremos, também, tecer considerações acerca do que será possível fazer no ciberespaço no futuro, que capacidades cibernéticas existirão e que riscos comportarão, bem como acerca de qual será o papel do ciberespaço enquanto quinto domínio de conflito, ao lado dos domínios da Terra, do Mar, do Ar e do Espaço.
The 2016 United States Presidential Election will forever be tainted with Russia’s interference and Cambridge Analytica’s involvement. In this election, the idea that digital technology, social media, the internet and cyberspace would make the world a freer and more open world was challenged, since Russia and Cambridge Analytica harnessed these means to, through disinformation, harm one candidate’s chances and boost another’s, steering the electorate to vote based not on facts, but on made-up narratives. In this work, we will endeavour to show how the sovereign and authoritarian state of Russia, as well as the firm Cambridge Analytica, used freedom of expression and the free circulation of information, which democracies so dearly hold, to disseminate disinformation, in an attempt to manipulate the democratic choice of a new political leader, through digital technology. Taking into account that these manipulation efforts took place primarily in cyberspace, a domain ever more accessible and present in the lives of populations, in which technological evolution is extraordinarily fast, and that four years have passed since the election, we will also endeavour to make considerations about what will be possible to do in cyberspace in the future, what cybernetic capabilities will exist and what risks they will bear, as well as considerations on what role of cyberspace will be the as the fifth domain of conflict, alongside the domains of Land, Sea, Air and Space.
The 2016 United States Presidential Election will forever be tainted with Russia’s interference and Cambridge Analytica’s involvement. In this election, the idea that digital technology, social media, the internet and cyberspace would make the world a freer and more open world was challenged, since Russia and Cambridge Analytica harnessed these means to, through disinformation, harm one candidate’s chances and boost another’s, steering the electorate to vote based not on facts, but on made-up narratives. In this work, we will endeavour to show how the sovereign and authoritarian state of Russia, as well as the firm Cambridge Analytica, used freedom of expression and the free circulation of information, which democracies so dearly hold, to disseminate disinformation, in an attempt to manipulate the democratic choice of a new political leader, through digital technology. Taking into account that these manipulation efforts took place primarily in cyberspace, a domain ever more accessible and present in the lives of populations, in which technological evolution is extraordinarily fast, and that four years have passed since the election, we will also endeavour to make considerations about what will be possible to do in cyberspace in the future, what cybernetic capabilities will exist and what risks they will bear, as well as considerations on what role of cyberspace will be the as the fifth domain of conflict, alongside the domains of Land, Sea, Air and Space.