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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Enquadramento / objetivo: A empatia é um constructo complexo que envolve não só a
partilha dos sentimentos do outro, mas também a capacidade de fazer uma distinção entre
o “eu” e esse outro. Sendo a resposta empática passível de modulação, procurou-se
perceber, de entre vários fatores moduladores da empatia descritos na literatura, quais
aqueles que têm sido estudados para se esclarecer qual o impacto que têm na distinção
eu-outro no contexto da empatia.
Metodologia: para se atingir este objetivo, realizou-se uma scoping review. As bases de
dados consultadas foram a PubMed, a CINAHL Plus with Full Text e a Scopus. No que
diz respeito à literatura cinzenta, as bases de dados consultadas foram o RCAAP –
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal, Open Grey e Google Scholar.
Resultados: foram selecionados 7 artigos, publicados entre 2010 e 2020. Identificaramse como fatores moduladores da distinção eu-outro no contexto da resposta empática a
experiência profissional, o género, o stress (em interação com o género), os estilos de
vinculação, o foco nas diferenças / semelhanças e a empatia-traço. A experiência
profissional como terapeuta, o género masculino, uma situação stressante quando se é do
género feminino, uma vinculação evitante, o foco nas semelhanças e pontuações mais
elevadas em alguns instrumentos de medida da empatia-traço estavam associados a uma
maior distinção eu-outro no contexto da empatia. Esta maior distinção eu-outro
correlaciona-se com determinados padrões de ativação cerebral, psicofisiológica, e de
atividade elétrica cerebral.
Conclusões: a análise dos artigos selecionados corrobora a ideia da distinção eu-outro
como um fenómeno que se caracteriza por grande flexibilidade. O estudo da distinção euoutro no domínio emocional é relativamente recente, pelo que existe ainda um campo
amplo de estudo para ser aprofundado. Os artigos incluídos nesta revisão sugerem,
também, aspetos a ser esclarecidos e aprofundados.
Background / Aim: empathy is a complex phenomenon that comprises not only sharing the feelings of another person but also being able to make a self-other distinction. The empathic response can be modulated and the aim of this review was to elucidate which modulatory factors of empathy, among those that are described in the literature, have been studied in order to understand their role on self-other distinction during empathy, Methods: it was followed a scoping review methodology. Electronic database searches included PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Scopus. As for the grey literature, database searches comprised RCAAP – Portugal’s Open Access Scientific Repository, Open Grey and Google Scholar. Results: 7 studies met the criteria for review. These studies were published between 2010 and 2020 and studied the following modulatory factors of self-other distinction in empathy: professional experience, gender, stress (in interaction with gender), attachment styles, similarities or dissimilarities focus, and dispositional empathy. Professional training as a counselor, male gender, being under stress provided one belongs to female gender, avoidant attachment style, a similarity focus, and higher scores on some questionnaires measuring dispositional empathy were all factors that enhanced self-other distinction in empathy. This enhanced self-other distinction correlates with certain patterns of brain activation, psychophysiological responses and brain electrical activity. Conclusions: the analysis of the 7 studies supports the idea that self-other distinction is a very malleable phenomenon. The study of the emotional self-other distinction is recent, so there is still much to be studied and understood. The papers included in this review give some hints about future studies and questions that should be addressed.
Background / Aim: empathy is a complex phenomenon that comprises not only sharing the feelings of another person but also being able to make a self-other distinction. The empathic response can be modulated and the aim of this review was to elucidate which modulatory factors of empathy, among those that are described in the literature, have been studied in order to understand their role on self-other distinction during empathy, Methods: it was followed a scoping review methodology. Electronic database searches included PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Scopus. As for the grey literature, database searches comprised RCAAP – Portugal’s Open Access Scientific Repository, Open Grey and Google Scholar. Results: 7 studies met the criteria for review. These studies were published between 2010 and 2020 and studied the following modulatory factors of self-other distinction in empathy: professional experience, gender, stress (in interaction with gender), attachment styles, similarities or dissimilarities focus, and dispositional empathy. Professional training as a counselor, male gender, being under stress provided one belongs to female gender, avoidant attachment style, a similarity focus, and higher scores on some questionnaires measuring dispositional empathy were all factors that enhanced self-other distinction in empathy. This enhanced self-other distinction correlates with certain patterns of brain activation, psychophysiological responses and brain electrical activity. Conclusions: the analysis of the 7 studies supports the idea that self-other distinction is a very malleable phenomenon. The study of the emotional self-other distinction is recent, so there is still much to be studied and understood. The papers included in this review give some hints about future studies and questions that should be addressed.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Empatia Distinção eu-outro Fatores moduladores Empathy Modulatory factors Self-other distinction Modulatory factors