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Abstract(s)
A problemática do trabalho é a chave da questão social e da vida social. É pelo trabalho
que o ser humano se realiza como pessoa. A Igreja Católica desde cedo teve a noção do
valor do trabalho como tendo um caráter positivo, educativo e meritório (LE 5 e 6). Pelo
trabalho o homem realiza-se, valoriza-se e contribui para prossecução do Bem e para a
criação dos bens (CV 36). Mas é a partir de 1891 com a encíclica Rerum novarum de
Leão XIII que se encontra um corpus referente à sociedade. De facto esta encíclica é
tida como a Magna Carta da atividade cristã no campo social. Nomeadamente sobre a
questão operária e doutrina católica acerca do trabalho tendo em vista a promoção de
uma ordem social justa. Esta precisão foi usada por Pio XI na Quadragesimo Anno, 39.
Se de início os papas se ocupavam sobretudo com a questão operária e outros aspetos da
situação social, rapidamente o corpo Doutrinal da Igreja se tornou mais amplo e
coerente. Passou então a ser apelidado de Doutrina Social da Igreja. Os acontecimentos
históricos e os novos problemas sociais impeliram a Igreja a uma urgente mas
duradoura reflexão, que acabou por exprimir um desenvolvimento orgânico do seu
ensino, bem como os vetores de inspiração para um programa de ação. Tendo em conta
esse percurso, esta investigação analisará cinco conceitos essenciais da Doutrina Social
da Igreja sobre o trabalho, de 1891 até à atualidade. São eles: 1- O primado do trabalho
sobre o capital. 2- A noção de bem comum. 3- O salário justo. 4- Os direitos e deveres
dos trabalhadores. 5- O conceito de empresa como comunidade de pessoas gerando
lucros e a exigência da sua distribuição. Para isso serão analisadas as encíclicas papais
sobre a questão laboral compreendidas entre o período de 1891 a Bento XVI,
privilegiando sobretudo a Rerum novarum a Laborem exercens e a Caritas in veritate
respetivamente dos papas Leão XIII, João Paulo II e Bento XVI e tendo sempre
presente os cinco conceitos referidos. Pretende-se ainda: aplicar esses mesmos conceitos
à realidade laboral dos trabalhadores e empresários e verificar quantitativamente o
impacto dos mesmos nas práticas laborais; verificar as áreas de influência nas mesmas
práticas e comportamentos laborais; analisar os resultados e a sua interpretação social e
religiosa. O estudo está dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte far-se-á uma revisão
da literatura sobre a Doutrina Social da Igreja sobre o trabalho, no que concerne aos
cincos princípios ou conceitos. A sua escolha é justificada por abranger o núcleo central
da Doutrina Social da Igreja sobre a temática laboral, quer de empregados, quer de
empregadores. Não pretende ser exaustiva, mas focalizada nas encíclicas papais no
período já mencionado. A segunda parte apresentará uma análise quantitativa sobre a
forma de questionário. Este tem como abrangência o tecido populacional e o espaço
geográfico do Minho, e a componente empresarial nos ramos: têxtil, calçado e
imobiliário. O questionário estuda as áreas de influência e o impacto da Doutrina Social
da Igreja nas práticas e comportamentos dos trabalhadores e empresários no seu local
de trabalho. A análise desse impacto será delimitada à problemática laboral e aos cinco
princípios. Deste modo, esta investigação teve como objectivo o desenvolvimento e
validação de um instrumento de avaliação baseado nos princípios estruturantes da
Doutrina Social da Igreja, para aplicação em contexto empresarial. A construção do
questionário decorreu ao longo de quatro fases: revisão teórica e delimitação conceptual
do constructo a avaliar; desenvolvimento dos itens e definição dos parâmetros de
avaliação; avaliação qualitativa dos itens - reflexão falada; e análise das características
psicométricas do questionário. O questionário foi preenchido por 501 trabalhadores e
empresários da região Norte. Procedeu-se à eliminação dos itens com correlações com o
total da escala inferiores a .50, garantindo assim um maior rigor de validade da escala e
uma melhor reorganização dos itens nas diferentes dimensões. Da análise fatorial foram
extraídos 4 fatores com valores próprios superiores a 1 explicando 57% da variância
total: (1) Trabalho: identidade pessoal e social, (2) Dimensão económica da actividade
empresarial, (3) Dimensão humanista da actividade empresarial, (4) Trabalho: direitos e
deveres. Foram encontrados índices de consistência interna elevados na escala total
(.95) e nas quatro dimensões da mesma (.91, .88, .84 e .88). As qualidades métricas do
instrumento revelaram-se bastante satisfatórias a nível de fidelidade interna e validade
interna, o que assegura a utilização do questionário, como válido, em contexto
empresarial.
The work issue is the key for the so called social question and social life. It is through work that man fulfills himself as a person. The Catholic Church very early had a clear notion of this value and saw work as having a positive, educative and merits character. Our investigation is going to cover the period from 1891 up to actuality. It is from 1891 with the encyclical Rerum novarum of Leo XIII that can be found a corpus referring to society. This encyclical is understood as being the Magna Carta for the Christian activity on the social ground. In the beginning the popes were mainly concerned with the workers question and the Catholic Doctrine about work, bearing in mind, the just social promotion. During this period the popes were dealing mainly with the workers question and other aspects on the social question. But rapidly the Doctrinal corpus of Catholic Church became more broad and embracing. It came to be called the Social Doctrine of the Church. The historical events and new problems impelled the church to a fast and long reflection, in order to express an organic development of action and Church´s teaching. Having this course in mind, this investigation will analyze five essential concepts from Church´s Social Doctrine about work from 1891 till nowadays. They are as follows: 1- Primacy of labor over capital. 2- The notion of common-good. 3- The just salary. 4- The rights and duties of workers. 5- The concept of enterprise as a community of people generating profits and its distribution requirement. Our objective is to analyze the pope encyclicals about the labor issue from 1891 up to Benedict XVI. But having a strong emphasis on: Rerum novarum, Laborem exercens and Caritas in veritate, respectively from Leo XIII, John Paul II and Benedict XVI and direct related to these five principles. Apply those to the reality, both on employers and employees and quantitatively verify the impact and the influence areas. Analyze the results and its social and religious interpretation. Our research is divided in two parts. The first will be a bibliography revision about Church Social Doctrine referring those five concepts. The second one will be quantitative analyses under the form of an inquiry. The broadness will be the population and the geographic territory of Minho. This inquiry will cover the textile, the footwear and the real estate sector. It aims to quantify the impact of the Social Doctrine on the practices and behaviors of workers and entrepreneurs on their working place. This investigation had the objective, the development of an assessment tool based on the structural principles of Church Social Doctrine, to be applied to a business context. The construction of this questionnaire, answered by 501 workers and employers in the North of Portugal, resulted over four phases. We proceed, to the disposal of items with correlation with the total scale smaller than .50, thus ensuring more rigorous validity and better items organization, in different dimensions. Out of factor analysis were extracted four factors with eigenvalues over 1, explaining 57% of total variance: (1) Work: personal and social identity. (2) Economic dimension of business activity. (3) Humanistic dimension. (4) Work: rights and duties. Were found high levels of internal consistency at the total scale (.95) and on the four dimensions (.91, .88, .84 e .88). The instrument metric qualities proved highly satisfactory, as far as internal reliability and validity levels are concerned, which ensures the use of this questionnaire in a business (enterprise) context.
The work issue is the key for the so called social question and social life. It is through work that man fulfills himself as a person. The Catholic Church very early had a clear notion of this value and saw work as having a positive, educative and merits character. Our investigation is going to cover the period from 1891 up to actuality. It is from 1891 with the encyclical Rerum novarum of Leo XIII that can be found a corpus referring to society. This encyclical is understood as being the Magna Carta for the Christian activity on the social ground. In the beginning the popes were mainly concerned with the workers question and the Catholic Doctrine about work, bearing in mind, the just social promotion. During this period the popes were dealing mainly with the workers question and other aspects on the social question. But rapidly the Doctrinal corpus of Catholic Church became more broad and embracing. It came to be called the Social Doctrine of the Church. The historical events and new problems impelled the church to a fast and long reflection, in order to express an organic development of action and Church´s teaching. Having this course in mind, this investigation will analyze five essential concepts from Church´s Social Doctrine about work from 1891 till nowadays. They are as follows: 1- Primacy of labor over capital. 2- The notion of common-good. 3- The just salary. 4- The rights and duties of workers. 5- The concept of enterprise as a community of people generating profits and its distribution requirement. Our objective is to analyze the pope encyclicals about the labor issue from 1891 up to Benedict XVI. But having a strong emphasis on: Rerum novarum, Laborem exercens and Caritas in veritate, respectively from Leo XIII, John Paul II and Benedict XVI and direct related to these five principles. Apply those to the reality, both on employers and employees and quantitatively verify the impact and the influence areas. Analyze the results and its social and religious interpretation. Our research is divided in two parts. The first will be a bibliography revision about Church Social Doctrine referring those five concepts. The second one will be quantitative analyses under the form of an inquiry. The broadness will be the population and the geographic territory of Minho. This inquiry will cover the textile, the footwear and the real estate sector. It aims to quantify the impact of the Social Doctrine on the practices and behaviors of workers and entrepreneurs on their working place. This investigation had the objective, the development of an assessment tool based on the structural principles of Church Social Doctrine, to be applied to a business context. The construction of this questionnaire, answered by 501 workers and employers in the North of Portugal, resulted over four phases. We proceed, to the disposal of items with correlation with the total scale smaller than .50, thus ensuring more rigorous validity and better items organization, in different dimensions. Out of factor analysis were extracted four factors with eigenvalues over 1, explaining 57% of total variance: (1) Work: personal and social identity. (2) Economic dimension of business activity. (3) Humanistic dimension. (4) Work: rights and duties. Were found high levels of internal consistency at the total scale (.95) and on the four dimensions (.91, .88, .84 e .88). The instrument metric qualities proved highly satisfactory, as far as internal reliability and validity levels are concerned, which ensures the use of this questionnaire in a business (enterprise) context.
Description
Keywords
Doutrina Social da Igreja Trabalho Bem comum Salário Direitos e deveres Empresa The Church’s Social Doctrine Work Common sood Salary Rights and duties Company