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Abstract(s)
A presente tese de doutoramento visa analisar a forma como é construída a narrativa mediática, em torno da figura do derrotado, durante o período de campanha eleitoral. Deste modo, propõe-se uma análise comparativa e inovadora no âmbito da comunicação política
e dos estudos dos media, visando observar a narrativa construída sobre os principais candidatos na campanha. Na primeira parte da investigação é realizada uma revisão teórica sobre as várias
transformações nas sociedades contemporâneas e democráticas. Nesta componente,
assinalamos igualmente a crescente relevância das estruturas mediáticas no contexto atual,
através do processo de mediatização. Na área política, a mediatização ganhou relevo, já
que os atores políticos adaptaram um conjunto de mudanças internas capazes de modo a
responder à afirmação dos meios de comunicação, num objetivo de criação de visibilidade.
Neste âmbito, refletimos a relação entre media e política, pressupondo uma interação
dinâmica que leva os meios de comunicação a criarem narrativas sobre os candidatos, num
elevado intervencionismo através de mecanismos específicos, especialmente no período de
campanha eleitoral. Neste sentido, foi construída a seguinte questão de investigação: “Como é construída
a narrativa da derrota nos media portugueses durante o período de campanha eleitoral?”. De modo a podermos responder à pergunta inicial, criámos três subquestões de investigação: 1) “Quais são os padrões jornalísticos dominantes nos media generalistas portugueses acerca da campanha eleitoral das legislativas de 2011 e 2015?”; 2) “Qual é o intervencionismo dos media generalistas portugueses nas legislativas?”; 3) “Como é que os media criam representações de candidatos vencedores e derrotados durante a campanha
eleitoral nas eleições legislativas de 2011 e 2015?”. Tendo em conta estas questões, utilizase
uma metodologia mista, através de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. Por um lado, foi constituído como corpus de análise um conjunto de peças jornalísticas de imprensa (Correio da Manhã, Público, Expresso, Sol,
Visão e Sábado), rádio (Antena 1, Rádio Renascença e TSF) e televisão (RTP 1, SIC e TVI),
nas eleições legislativas portuguesas de 2011 e 2015, em torno de PS e PSD/PàF, contabilizando um total de 2.370 peças, onde utilizámos a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Por outro lado, foram realizadas 10 entrevistas a jornalistas dos meios em análise, envolvidos na cobertura das mesmas eleições, através da análise temática. De modo geral, conclui-se que os meios de comunicação, na cobertura dos partidos
de poder durante a campanha, constroem narrativas de vencedores e perdedores. No período de análise entre nove e dez semanas, assinala-se uma intensificação da representação mediática, através de um discurso interpretativo e centrado num enquadramento relativo a uma elevada competição entre candidatos. Foi também identificada a existência de um crescimento gradual das referências às sondagens nos
media, resultando, posteriormente, na construção de cenários pós eleitorais. Perante estes possíveis resultados são criados retratos de vencedores e perdedores que são complementados pela criação de traços sobre a performance dos candidatos, ao longo da cobertura. Foi, igualmente, verificada a existência de um enquadramento visual e sonoro que completa o texto mediático dominante. Apesar da construção de imagens distintas sobre os candidatos, neste estudo assinala-se a existência de tratamento editorial idêntico entre candidaturas.
This research aims to analyze how the media constructs the narrative of the defeat during the electoral campaign period. Therefore, we propose to conduct a comparative and innovative research study into the political communication and media studies areas, aimed at the narrative’s construction of the main candidates in the media coverage campaign. In the first part of the study, there will be established the theoretical framework about several changes in contemporary and democratic societies. In the theoretical part, we also note the growing relevance of the media through the mediatization process. In the political area, this mediatization has gained significance since the political actors accommodate the significant internal changes that are capable of responding to the affirmation of the media with the objective of creating visibility. We reflect on the relationship between the media and politics, which is a dynamic interaction that leads the media to create different narratives about the candidates on high interventionism through specific mechanism, especially during the electoral campaign. Given this context, we tried to answer the following question: “How is the narrative of defeat constructed in the Portuguese media during the election campaign period?”. To answer this question, we created three subquestions: 1) "What are the dominant journalistic patterns in the Portuguese generalist media about the electoral campaign of the general elections of 2011 and 2015?”; 2) "What is the interventionism of the Portuguese generalist media in the general elections of 2011 and 2015?" and 3) “How does the media create representations of the defeated candidates during the 2011 and 2015 general election campaigns?”. Considering these questions, we use a mixed methodology involving quantitative and qualitative methods. On the one hand, this research is based on a set of 2,370 media news, extracted from the Portuguese press (Correio da Manhã, Público, Expresso, Sol, Visão and Sábado), radio (Antena 1, Rádio Renascença and TSF) and television (RTP 1, SIC and TVI) about the 2011 and 2015 general elections, focused on PS and PSD/PàF coverage, using a content analysis. On the other hand, we will conduct ten semistructured interviews with the same journalists from the media as part of the analysis involved in covering the same elections through thematic analysis. In general, we conclude that the media constructs the winner and defeated narrative and how it relates to the power party’s coverage during the electoral campaign. In the analysis period between nine and ten weeks, there is an intensification of the media representation through an interpretive discourse centered on a highly game and strategic framing between the candidates. It was also noted that the existence of a gradual growth of references to the polls in the media resulted in, subsequently, the construction of postelection scenarios. Facing these possible results, the portraits of the winners and losers are created which are complemented by the creation of traces of the candidates' performance throughout the coverage. It also verified the existence of a visual and sound framing which complements the dominant media text. Despite the construction of the different images about the candidates, in this study, there is an identical editorial treatment given.
This research aims to analyze how the media constructs the narrative of the defeat during the electoral campaign period. Therefore, we propose to conduct a comparative and innovative research study into the political communication and media studies areas, aimed at the narrative’s construction of the main candidates in the media coverage campaign. In the first part of the study, there will be established the theoretical framework about several changes in contemporary and democratic societies. In the theoretical part, we also note the growing relevance of the media through the mediatization process. In the political area, this mediatization has gained significance since the political actors accommodate the significant internal changes that are capable of responding to the affirmation of the media with the objective of creating visibility. We reflect on the relationship between the media and politics, which is a dynamic interaction that leads the media to create different narratives about the candidates on high interventionism through specific mechanism, especially during the electoral campaign. Given this context, we tried to answer the following question: “How is the narrative of defeat constructed in the Portuguese media during the election campaign period?”. To answer this question, we created three subquestions: 1) "What are the dominant journalistic patterns in the Portuguese generalist media about the electoral campaign of the general elections of 2011 and 2015?”; 2) "What is the interventionism of the Portuguese generalist media in the general elections of 2011 and 2015?" and 3) “How does the media create representations of the defeated candidates during the 2011 and 2015 general election campaigns?”. Considering these questions, we use a mixed methodology involving quantitative and qualitative methods. On the one hand, this research is based on a set of 2,370 media news, extracted from the Portuguese press (Correio da Manhã, Público, Expresso, Sol, Visão and Sábado), radio (Antena 1, Rádio Renascença and TSF) and television (RTP 1, SIC and TVI) about the 2011 and 2015 general elections, focused on PS and PSD/PàF coverage, using a content analysis. On the other hand, we will conduct ten semistructured interviews with the same journalists from the media as part of the analysis involved in covering the same elections through thematic analysis. In general, we conclude that the media constructs the winner and defeated narrative and how it relates to the power party’s coverage during the electoral campaign. In the analysis period between nine and ten weeks, there is an intensification of the media representation through an interpretive discourse centered on a highly game and strategic framing between the candidates. It was also noted that the existence of a gradual growth of references to the polls in the media resulted in, subsequently, the construction of postelection scenarios. Facing these possible results, the portraits of the winners and losers are created which are complemented by the creation of traces of the candidates' performance throughout the coverage. It also verified the existence of a visual and sound framing which complements the dominant media text. Despite the construction of the different images about the candidates, in this study, there is an identical editorial treatment given.
Description
Keywords
Derrota Narrativa Mediatização da política Push e pull Intervencionismo dos media Eleições legislativas de 2011 e 2015 Defeat Narrative Mediatization of politics Media interventionism Portugueses general elections of 2011 and 2015