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Resumo(s)
Embora se verifiquem, do ponto de vista histórico, progressos importantes, continua a ser um
desafio urgente assumir o compromisso da igualdade entre mulheres e homens, combatendo a
tendência cultural profunda e persistente para a discriminação em função do sexo.
A presente investigação tem como objetivo expor a evolução da orientação do Tribunal de
Justiça da União Europeia (TJUE) e dos tribunais nacionais relativamente a determinadas
questões sobre igualdade e não discriminação em função do sexo. Sendo um tema bastante
amplo, este trabalho circunscreve-se à análise das questões consideradas mais relevantes e
recorrentes na jurisprudência, abordando a igualdade remuneratória entre mulheres e homens,
a igualdade de tratamento no acesso ao emprego e na progressão profissional, a igualdade de
tratamento no desenvolvimento da relação laboral e as medidas de ação positiva.
Os alicerces fundamentais da pesquisa levada a efeito encontram-se sobretudo nas decisões do
TJUE e dos tribunais portugueses sobre as questões supra indicadas. Deste modo, a recolha e
exposição das diversas decisões do TJUE e das decisões existentes dos tribunais nacionais sobre
o tema permitem conhecer a posição e entendimento dos tribunais, bem como a respetiva
evolução.
Verificou-se que a igualdade e não discriminação entre mulheres e homens constitui,
efetivamente, um dos objetivos da União Europeia (UE). A legislação, constantemente
atualizada, as alterações aos Tratados europeus e, sobretudo, o trabalho criativo e sólido do
TJUE na apreciação das questões prejudiciais submetidas pelos Estados-Membros contribuíram
para a consolidação progressiva deste princípio e para a respetiva aplicação na UE.
No âmbito nacional, o sistema de tutela da igualdade de tratamento entre trabalhadores de
ambos os sexos é muito completo e até protetivo. Porém, ao contrário do que acontece no
âmbito do direito europeu e no próprio direito nacional quanto a outros fatores discriminatórios,
a jurisprudência portuguesa continua a ser escassa em matéria de igualdade e não discriminação
em razão do sexo.
Atendendo a estes resultados, tivemos oportunidade de observar que o TJUE desenvolveu e
construiu uma base relativamente coerente no domínio da igualdade e não discriminação em
função do sexo, que poderia ser entendida como uma ferramenta essencial e de referência para
os tribunais nacionais. Contudo, podemos também concluir que, apesar de existir um sistema
normativo nacional muito abrangente e protetivo, este não é operativo e carece de efetividade
de execução neste domínio, uma vez que, embora continuem a ser raros os casos que, neste
âmbito, são submetidos à apreciação dos nossos tribunais, os dados disponíveis revelam que o
sexo feminino ainda é frequentemente confrontado com obstáculos no acesso e manutenção do
emprego e no decurso da sua carreira profissional.
Despite its significant progress, it is still considered as an urgent challenge the commitment to fight the rooted cultural and persistent tendency of accepting gender inequality. This research aims to expose and understand the stand of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and National Courts on matters regarding equality and non-discrimination based on sex. As the theme is quite broad, this work revolves around the analysis of the relevant and ongoing queries considered more relevant and recurrent in jurisprudence, addressing equal pay between women and men and equal treatment both in access to employment and professional advancement and in development of the employment relationship and positive action measures. The research is based on the decisions of the CJEU and the Portuguese courts on the previously mentioned issues. Through the collection and analysis of their various decisions on the subject, it is possible to know the position and understanding of the courts, as well as their evolution. It was found that equality and non-discrimination between women and men is, in fact, one of the objectives of the European Union (EU). The constantly updated legislation, the amendments to the Treaties and, above all, the creative and solid work of the CJEU in considering the preliminary questions raised by the Member States, contributed to a consistent consolidation of this principle and its application in the EU. In the internal domain, the Portuguese system for the protection of equal treatment between workers of both sexes is very complete and protective. However, contrary to what happens in the scope of European Law and in National Law itself regarding other discriminatory factors, Portuguese jurisprudence remains scarce in terms of gender equality. 6 Based on these results, we had the opportunity to observe that the CJEU has developed and built a relatively coherent base in the field of equality and non-discrimination based on sex, which should be understood as a fundamental and reference tool for national courts. Nevertheless, it was also concluded that, despite the existence of a comprehensive and protective national regulatory system, it is still not efficient and lacks effective enforcement in this area.
Despite its significant progress, it is still considered as an urgent challenge the commitment to fight the rooted cultural and persistent tendency of accepting gender inequality. This research aims to expose and understand the stand of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and National Courts on matters regarding equality and non-discrimination based on sex. As the theme is quite broad, this work revolves around the analysis of the relevant and ongoing queries considered more relevant and recurrent in jurisprudence, addressing equal pay between women and men and equal treatment both in access to employment and professional advancement and in development of the employment relationship and positive action measures. The research is based on the decisions of the CJEU and the Portuguese courts on the previously mentioned issues. Through the collection and analysis of their various decisions on the subject, it is possible to know the position and understanding of the courts, as well as their evolution. It was found that equality and non-discrimination between women and men is, in fact, one of the objectives of the European Union (EU). The constantly updated legislation, the amendments to the Treaties and, above all, the creative and solid work of the CJEU in considering the preliminary questions raised by the Member States, contributed to a consistent consolidation of this principle and its application in the EU. In the internal domain, the Portuguese system for the protection of equal treatment between workers of both sexes is very complete and protective. However, contrary to what happens in the scope of European Law and in National Law itself regarding other discriminatory factors, Portuguese jurisprudence remains scarce in terms of gender equality. 6 Based on these results, we had the opportunity to observe that the CJEU has developed and built a relatively coherent base in the field of equality and non-discrimination based on sex, which should be understood as a fundamental and reference tool for national courts. Nevertheless, it was also concluded that, despite the existence of a comprehensive and protective national regulatory system, it is still not efficient and lacks effective enforcement in this area.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Igualdade Discriminação Sexo Trabalho Jurisprudência TJUE Tribunais nacionais Equality Discrimination Gender Workplace Jurisprudence CJEU National courts