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Congruência emocional na memorização de estímulos visuais
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IIntrodução: A memória episódica é um sistema cognitivo que permite a contextualização espaciotemporal de acontecimentos. No envelhecimento normal e patológico, sofre alterações com consequências funcionais relevantes na qualidade de vida, reflectindo a importância de intervenções que facilitem a cognição mnésica. A influência do processamento emocional na cognição mnésica é feita através da ativação conjunta de redes neuronais subjacentes ao processamento mnésico e emocional, contribuindo para um aumento da intensidade da experiência vivida, influenciando a sua recordação. Pretendeu-se estudar a influência da combinação congruente e incongruente de estímulos emocionais, visuais e auditivos na memória episódica e a variação do desempenho em tarefas de recordação episódica em diferentes idades. Metodologia: Amostra de 60 sujeitos dividida em: Grupo 1 (18 - 35 anos) e Grupo 2 (55 - 70 anos). A combinação de estímulos incluiu imagens do IAPS e excertos musicais remetendo para alegria e medo. A condição de controlo continha apenas imagens neutras. Criaram-se três condições experimentais: congruente, estímulos combinados representam a mesma emoção; incongruente, estímulos combinados expressavam emoções diferentes; e sem som, imagens neutras sem acompanhamento musical. Resultados: Na evocação, a condição incongruente apresentou melhores resultados do que as condições congruente e neutra, já no reconhecimento, não houve diferenças nos desempenhos. Os resultados entre os grupos não demonstraram diferenças na evocação global. No reconhecimento global, o Grupo 2 obteve melhores resultados que o Grupo 1. Ambos os grupos recordaram mais imagens positivas do que negativas, excepto o Grupo 1 no reconhecimento, que recordou tantas imagens positivas como negativas. Conclusões: Os resultados contrariam a hipótese de que a condição congruente é mais facilitadora da memória visual episódica do que a condição incongruente. A vantagem da incongruência de estímulos emocionais sugere que, se tendencialmente, a atenção parece focar-se na resolução de conflitos, então deve estar mais direcionada para situações incongruentes, onde o indivíduo demora mais tempo a reagir ao estímulo. A diferença de desempenhos no reconhecimento global evidencia a facilitação visual na memória episódica dos adultos mais velhos. Em concordância com a literatura, adultos mais velhos demonstram uma maior vantagem na recordação de imagens emocionalmente positivas do que negativas.
Theoretical Background: Episodic memory is a cognitive system that enables the spatio-temporal contextualization of events. In normal and pathological aging, changes can be observed, with critical functional consequences on the quality of life, showing the importance of interventions that facilitate mnesic cognition. The influence of emotional process on mnesic cognition arise through the common activation of neuronal networks underlying mnesic and emotional processes, enhancing the intensity of the subjective experience, therefore influencing its recollection. The main goal of this study is to explore the influence of congruent or incongruent emotional stimuli combination, visual and auditory, on episodic memory, as well as the performance variation in episodic recollection tasks in different ages. Method: The 60 subjects sample was divided in: Group 1 (18 - 35 years old) and Group 2 (55 - 70 years old). The stimuli combination included IAPS pictures and musical excerpts with reference to happiness and fear. The control condition only included neutral pictures. Three experimental conditions were created: congruent, when combined stimuli refer to the same emotion; incongruent, when combined stimuli refer to different emotions; and withoutsound, when there was only neutral pictures with no music support. Results: The incongruent condition showed higher recall results compared to the congruent and without-sound conditions, while recognition performance showed no differences between the experimental conditions. Results between groups showed no differences on the overall recall task. On the overall recognition task, Group 2 performed significantly better than Group 1. Both groups recollected more positive pictures than negative ones, except Group 1 that recognized as many positive pictures as negative. Discussion: Results contradict the idea that the congruent condition is more enhancing of visual memory than the incongruent condition. The advantage of emotional stimuli incongruence suggests that, if as a tendency, attention seems to focus on conflict resolution, therefore it must be oriented to incongruent situations, where the individual takes more time to react to stimuli. The difference in the overall recognition results between the two groups demonstrate the visual advantage in episodic memory in older adults. In agreement with previous studies, older adults show greater memory recollection for positive emotional pictures than for negative emotional ones.
Theoretical Background: Episodic memory is a cognitive system that enables the spatio-temporal contextualization of events. In normal and pathological aging, changes can be observed, with critical functional consequences on the quality of life, showing the importance of interventions that facilitate mnesic cognition. The influence of emotional process on mnesic cognition arise through the common activation of neuronal networks underlying mnesic and emotional processes, enhancing the intensity of the subjective experience, therefore influencing its recollection. The main goal of this study is to explore the influence of congruent or incongruent emotional stimuli combination, visual and auditory, on episodic memory, as well as the performance variation in episodic recollection tasks in different ages. Method: The 60 subjects sample was divided in: Group 1 (18 - 35 years old) and Group 2 (55 - 70 years old). The stimuli combination included IAPS pictures and musical excerpts with reference to happiness and fear. The control condition only included neutral pictures. Three experimental conditions were created: congruent, when combined stimuli refer to the same emotion; incongruent, when combined stimuli refer to different emotions; and withoutsound, when there was only neutral pictures with no music support. Results: The incongruent condition showed higher recall results compared to the congruent and without-sound conditions, while recognition performance showed no differences between the experimental conditions. Results between groups showed no differences on the overall recall task. On the overall recognition task, Group 2 performed significantly better than Group 1. Both groups recollected more positive pictures than negative ones, except Group 1 that recognized as many positive pictures as negative. Discussion: Results contradict the idea that the congruent condition is more enhancing of visual memory than the incongruent condition. The advantage of emotional stimuli incongruence suggests that, if as a tendency, attention seems to focus on conflict resolution, therefore it must be oriented to incongruent situations, where the individual takes more time to react to stimuli. The difference in the overall recognition results between the two groups demonstrate the visual advantage in episodic memory in older adults. In agreement with previous studies, older adults show greater memory recollection for positive emotional pictures than for negative emotional ones.
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Keywords
Memória episódica Emoções Música Congruência de estímulos Episodic memory Emotions Music Stimuli congruence