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O impacto da inteligência artificial no ato administrativo
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A presente dissertação versa sobre o impacto da inteligência artificial – na vertente dos sistemas inteligentes de autoaprendizagem e das redes neuronais artificiais – no direito administrativo português, nomeadamente na sua figura mais típica: o ato administrativo. Por conseguinte, conduz uma reflexão em torno do elemento decisório, um dos principais elementos que compõe o ato administrativo. Enquanto manifestação da vontade, o ato administrativo enfrenta hoje o desafio de se tornar verdadeiramente automatizado, logo eletrónico, não deixando nem podendo deixar de ser uma manifestação da vontade voluntária de um órgão administrativo, necessariamente corporizado por seres humanos, logo dotados de personalidade e capacidade jurídicas. Assim, pondera sobre a possibilidade de existirem atos administrativos, designadamente atos administrativos discricionários totalmente produzidos com recurso à inteligência artificial e sem intervenção humana. Ainda, confronta estes sistemas inteligentes com os princípios da legalidade e da transparência, preocupando-se com a possibilidade de estes sistemas produzirem efeitos jurídicos, apesar de serem verdadeiras caixas negras quanto à forma como chegaram às soluções apresentadas, sendo este um elemento crucial para a legitimidade da atividade administrativa no mundo atual. Enfatiza a necessidade de adaptação do quadro normativo a uma atividade administrativa verdadeiramente eletrónica e sugere uma nova forma de responsabilidade objetiva para as administrações no contexto de um procedimento administrativo eletrónico, alinhando-se assim este com o princípio da responsabilidade. Globalmente, defende um quadro jurídico proactivo para garantir a justiça e a prossecução do interesse público num cenário em constante evolução do direito, num mundo cada vez mais digital.
This dissertation deals with the impact of artificial intelligence – in terms of intelligent self-learning systems and artificial neural networks – on the Portuguese administrative law, namely in its most typical form: the administrative act. Therefore, it leads to reflection around the decision-making element, one of the main elements that constructs the administrative act. As a manifestation of will, the administrative act today faces the challenge of becoming truly automated, therefore electronic, without ceasing to be a manifestation of the voluntary will of an administrative body, necessarily embodied by human beings, therefore endowed with legal personality and capacity. Therefore, we consider the possibility of there being administrative acts, namely discretionary administrative acts, entirely produced using artificial intelligence and without human intervention. Even so, it confronts intelligent systems with general administrative principles such as legality and transparency, worrying about the possibility that these intelligent systems produce legal effects, despite being true black boxes in terms of how they learned and concluded the solutions presented, with this being a crucial element for the legitimacy of administrative activity in today’s world. It emphasizes the need to adapt the regulatory framework to a truly electronic administrative activity and suggests a new form of objective responsibility for administrations in the context of an electronic administrative due procedure, thus aligning itself with the principle of responsibility. Overall, advocate a proactive legal framework to ensure justice and the pursuit of the public interest in a constantly evolving landscape of law, in an increasingly digital world.
This dissertation deals with the impact of artificial intelligence – in terms of intelligent self-learning systems and artificial neural networks – on the Portuguese administrative law, namely in its most typical form: the administrative act. Therefore, it leads to reflection around the decision-making element, one of the main elements that constructs the administrative act. As a manifestation of will, the administrative act today faces the challenge of becoming truly automated, therefore electronic, without ceasing to be a manifestation of the voluntary will of an administrative body, necessarily embodied by human beings, therefore endowed with legal personality and capacity. Therefore, we consider the possibility of there being administrative acts, namely discretionary administrative acts, entirely produced using artificial intelligence and without human intervention. Even so, it confronts intelligent systems with general administrative principles such as legality and transparency, worrying about the possibility that these intelligent systems produce legal effects, despite being true black boxes in terms of how they learned and concluded the solutions presented, with this being a crucial element for the legitimacy of administrative activity in today’s world. It emphasizes the need to adapt the regulatory framework to a truly electronic administrative activity and suggests a new form of objective responsibility for administrations in the context of an electronic administrative due procedure, thus aligning itself with the principle of responsibility. Overall, advocate a proactive legal framework to ensure justice and the pursuit of the public interest in a constantly evolving landscape of law, in an increasingly digital world.
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Keywords
Direito administrativo Ato administrativo Inteligência artificial Sistemas inteligentes de autoaprendizagem Elemento decisório Manifestação da vontade Discricionariedade Legalidade Transparência Administrative act Artificial intelligence Self-learning systems Decision-making element Manifestation of will Discretionary Legality Transparency