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RESUMO: Nos três primeiros séculos do cristianismo um dos temas delicados era o martírio, que sempre fez parte da identidade e missão da Igreja, mas que levantava particulares complexidades mormente em contexto de perseguição. Tratava-se de uma questão controversa para a Igreja nascente, uma vez que o gnosticismo colocava em causa a autenticidade do martírio cruento cultivado pelos cristãos como desejo de vida eterna. Em resposta a esta crítica, Clemente de Alexandria desenvolve uma visão sistemática do conceito de martírio em chave gnóstica. A presente tese tem como objetivo explorar a definição de Martírio Gnóstico em Clemente de Alexandria, analisando a doutrina exposta no livro IV de Stromata. Após um primeiro momento de cariz mais histórico e contextualizante, sobre a experiência e o conceito de martírio em geral, no período e ambiente do seu autor estuda-se, posteriormente, a conceção do gnosticismo sobre o tema, a partir da informação dada pelo próprio Clemente para, finalmente, se averiguar a resposta e a proposta feita por ele, a qual abriu o caminho a uma nova forma de valorização do martírio cristão que terá longo futuro.
ABSTRACT: In the first three centuries of Christianity, martyrdom was a sensitive theme, but also one that had always been part of the identity and mission of the Church, despite its complexities in a context of persecution. It was, in fact, a controversial issue for the early Church, since Gnosticism put the authenticity of cruel martyrdom, as a wish for eternal life, into question. As an answer, Clement of Alexandria developed a systematic vision on the concept of martyrdom by using a gnostic key. The present thesis aims to explore the definition of Gnostic Martyrdom in Clement of Alexandria through the analysis of the doctrine exposed in the fourth book of Stromatas. After a first part of a more historical and contextualizing nature, about the experience and concept of martyrdom in general during its author’s period and environment, it is studied the conception of Gnosticism on the theme, based on Clement’s own statements. Finally, we looked into his answers and propositions, which opened the way to a new and long-lasting appreciation of Christian martyrdom.
ABSTRACT: In the first three centuries of Christianity, martyrdom was a sensitive theme, but also one that had always been part of the identity and mission of the Church, despite its complexities in a context of persecution. It was, in fact, a controversial issue for the early Church, since Gnosticism put the authenticity of cruel martyrdom, as a wish for eternal life, into question. As an answer, Clement of Alexandria developed a systematic vision on the concept of martyrdom by using a gnostic key. The present thesis aims to explore the definition of Gnostic Martyrdom in Clement of Alexandria through the analysis of the doctrine exposed in the fourth book of Stromatas. After a first part of a more historical and contextualizing nature, about the experience and concept of martyrdom in general during its author’s period and environment, it is studied the conception of Gnosticism on the theme, based on Clement’s own statements. Finally, we looked into his answers and propositions, which opened the way to a new and long-lasting appreciation of Christian martyrdom.
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Keywords
Clemente de Alexandria Confissão Mártir Martírio Gnose Gnóstico Gnosticismo Perseguição Testemunho Clement of Alexandria Confession Martyr Martyrdom Gnosis Gnostic Gnosticism Persecution Testimony