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Ancorada na linha de investigação da hipótese da EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve), a minha análise, empiricamente fundamentada, pretende cruzar o crescimento económico e a qualidade ambiental, numa possível simbiose, através de políticas ambientais. O crescimento económico que predominou nas últimas décadas, ostenta um paradigma referencial que cruza uma época industrial e pós-industrial. Nesse pano de fundo, o investigador desencontrado com o seu tempo, analisa as correntes de uma relação entre crescimento económico e qualidade ambiental. Os estudos passados demonstram que o ambiente e a economia se encontram numa trajetória onde um crescimento sustentável é obrigatório, abrindo um novo capítulo sobre como facilitar ou potencializar atividades económicas sem menosprezar o meio ambiente. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo focar-se na vantagem e necessidade em usar diversas políticas ambientais no contexto previamente explicado. Estas políticas podem traduzir-se em impostos ambientais tais como os energéticos, os de recursos, os de transporte e até de poluição em geral. De modo a responder ao problema em questão, torna-se essencial entender de que forma países com ideais políticos, culturais e poder económico diferentes, dão resposta ao desfecho económico e ambiental pretendido, descrevendo o seu percurso ao longo das últimas décadas. Neste estudo, verificamos a existência de um EKC para os países analisados consoante o grau de desenvolvimento e, a contribuição de facto, das políticas ambientais em um crescimento económico sustentável. De acordo com os principais resultados obtidos, observamos que as políticas ambientais são significativas para uma boa relação ambiente-economia sendo utilizadas de uma forma mais eficaz nos países desenvolvidos e que, os objetivos e tratados impostos por uma união política e económica entre países pode, efetivamente, reforçar um melhor uso de políticas a nível nacional.
Within the EKC hypothesis (Environmental Kuznets Curve) research, my analysis, empirically grounded, intends to link economic growth and environmental quality in a possible symbiosis through environmental policies. The economic growth that prevailed in these last decades designs a paradigm underlying an industrial and post-industrial era. Having this background in mind, the present researcher emerges detached from his/her time, finding himself/herself lost between the different analyzes that concern the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. Past studies claim that the environment and economy are on a path where sustainable growth is mandatory, opening a new chapter on how to facilitate or enhance economic activities without neglecting the environment. This study focuses on understanding the underlying advantages of using different environmental policies. These policies can translate into environmental taxes such as energy, resource, transport and even pollution taxes. In order to answer this problem, it is essential to understand how countries with different cultures, political background and economic power address these issues by describing their political and economic course over the past few decades and analyzing them under the light of the EKC. In this study, according to the development degree of each country, we verified the existence of an EKC for each of the countries that were analyzed and the contribution of environmental policies on a sustainable economic growth. According to the main results obtained, it is possible to confirm that environmental policies are used in a significant and more efficient way in developed countries and that laws and treaties that are imposed by a political and economic union can reinforce the policies on national level.
Within the EKC hypothesis (Environmental Kuznets Curve) research, my analysis, empirically grounded, intends to link economic growth and environmental quality in a possible symbiosis through environmental policies. The economic growth that prevailed in these last decades designs a paradigm underlying an industrial and post-industrial era. Having this background in mind, the present researcher emerges detached from his/her time, finding himself/herself lost between the different analyzes that concern the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. Past studies claim that the environment and economy are on a path where sustainable growth is mandatory, opening a new chapter on how to facilitate or enhance economic activities without neglecting the environment. This study focuses on understanding the underlying advantages of using different environmental policies. These policies can translate into environmental taxes such as energy, resource, transport and even pollution taxes. In order to answer this problem, it is essential to understand how countries with different cultures, political background and economic power address these issues by describing their political and economic course over the past few decades and analyzing them under the light of the EKC. In this study, according to the development degree of each country, we verified the existence of an EKC for each of the countries that were analyzed and the contribution of environmental policies on a sustainable economic growth. According to the main results obtained, it is possible to confirm that environmental policies are used in a significant and more efficient way in developed countries and that laws and treaties that are imposed by a political and economic union can reinforce the policies on national level.
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Qualidade ambiental Crescimento económico EKC Políticas ambientais Impostos ambientais