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- Lessons from the Coronavirus crisis for European integrationPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco
- What should be the EU’s approach to global trade?Publication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, FranciscoFor a global player like the EU, it must adequately respond to US unilateral actions and not give in to threats in order to preserve its credibility. However, it is not in its interest to let trade conflicts escalate and be drawn into trade wars. It is worth noting that through the bilateral rules established in the context of a comprehensive trade agreement, the EU not only influences global norms and standards but that those in turn feed back into the EU’s economic order in a way that traditional trade agreements have not. They can therefore either reinforce the European model or weaken it.
- Brexit: uma perspectiva EuropeiaPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco
- EU trade and regulation: economic and political dynamicsPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, FranciscoThe EU’s new generation of deep and comprehensive free trade agreements not only promote EU trade but also have a bearing on the shape of the European model and in consequence on the sustainability of the integration project. They reach much further than conventional free trade agreements. Their benefits hinge on the abolition of non-tariff and regulatory barriers and enter into areas that are member state competences. Much depends on the agreements in question and similarity of preferences between trading partners. It is up to the EU, ultimately for the sake of the sustainability of its political integration project, to explicitly contemplate not only trade impacts but impacts on the Union’s economic model instead of letting rather than being pushed further down the road by unfolding trade dynamics.
- A economia política da transição energética: enquadramento europeu e políticas nacionaisPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, Francisco
- O pacto ecológico europeu no contexto das crises climática, pandémica e de segurançaPublication . Bongardt, Annette; Torres, FranciscoThe European Green Deal (EGD) constitutes a paradigm shift in European integration, giving priority to climate neutrality. The EGD provides a coherent narrative on climate and sustainability, which encompasses all other, including previously unrelated, policy areas. Environmental protection is now framed as making economic sense and considered in the context of economic development. The two latest crises were made to work towards the EGD’s objectives. The pandemic crisis made it possible to establish the link between the short and long term, making economic rationality compatible with the political priorities of the EGD. The need to respond to the pandemic crisis has therefore strengthened the Pact. So did the energy and security crisis triggered by Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. However, since then the EGD’s implementation has been strongly contested on political economy grounds, for alleged over-regulation and social reasons. Those invoked reasons are often based on unsustainable alternatives. Moreover, when ignoring the need to internalise environmental damages and the polluter pays principle, they are also founded on incomplete notions of economic efficiency and social justice.