Browsing by Author "Machado, Paulo P."
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- Adult attachment in eating disorders mediates the association between perceived invalidating childhood environments and eating psychopathologyPublication . Gonçalves, Sónia; Vieira, Ana Isabel; Rodrigues, Tânia; Machado, Paulo P.; Brandão, Isabel; Timóteo, Sertório; Nunes, Patrícia; Machado, BárbaraThis study aimed to evaluate the associations between perceived invalidating childhood environments, attachment in intimate relationships and eating psychopathology, to explore how these variables interact with each other, and to explore potential mediators to this pattern of association in a clinical eating disorder (ED) sample. One hundred thirty-seven ED outpatients were evaluated with the Invalidating Childhood Environments Scale (ICES), the Eating Disorder-15 (ED-15) and the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR). Paternal invalidation was associated to the ED-15 total score through avoidance of proximity and anxiety over abandonment, while maternal invalidation was only associated to the ED-15 total score through avoidance of proximity. Our results highlight the potential role of the perception of an invalidating family environment in the development of eating pathology and of difficulties in intimate relationships. These results endorse the relevance of address parental invalidation and promote adequate emotion regulation strategies and interpersonal competencies in the context of intimate relationships.
- Anorexia nervosa versus bulimia nervosa: differences based on retrospective correlates in a case-control studyPublication . Machado, Bárbara César; Gonçalves, Sónia F.; Martins, Carla; Brandão, Isabel; Roma-Torres, António; Hoek, Hans W.; Machado, Paulo P.Objective This study is the result of two Portuguese case– control studies that examined the replication of retrospective correlates and preceding life events in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) development. This study aims to identify retrospective correlates that distinguish AN and BN Method A case–control design was used to compare a group of women who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for AN (N = 98) and BN (N = 79) with healthy controls (N = 86) and with other psychiatric disorders (N = 68). Each control group was matched with AN patients regarding age and parental social categories. Risk factors were assessed by interviewing each person with the Oxford Risk Factor Interview. Results Compared to AN, women with BN reported significantly higher rates of paternal high expectations, excessive family importance placed on fitness/keeping in shape, and negative consequences due to adolescent overweight and adolescent objective overweight. Discussion Overweight during adolescence emerged as the most relevant retrospective correlate in the distinction between BN and AN participants. Family expectations and the importance placed on keeping in shape were also significant retrospective correlates in the BN group.
- Antecedent life events in the development of anorexia nervosa: A case control studyPublication . Machado, Bárbara César; Gonçalves, Sónia; Martins, Carla; Machado, Paulo P.
- Antecedent life events in the development of bulimia nervosaPublication . Gonçalves, Sónia; Machado, Bárbara César; Martins, Carla; Machado, Paulo P.
- Bindung und Ess-StorungenPublication . Soares, Isabel; Dias, Pedro; Klein, J.; Machado, Paulo P.
- Dysregulated Behaviors in Bulimia Nervosa – A case-control studyPublication . Gonçalves, Sónia; Machado, Bárbara César; Martins, Carla; Brandão, Isabel; Roma-Torres, António; Machado, Paulo P.
- Dysregulated behaviours in bulimia nervosa : a case‐control studyPublication . Gonçalves, Sónia Ferreira; Machado, Bárbara César; Martins, Carla; Brandão, Isabel; Roma-Torres, António; Machado, Paulo P.Background: Bulimia nervosa (BN) is often related to self-control difficulties and to dysregulated behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of self-injurious behaviour, suicide attempts, and other dysregulated behaviours in BN, using two control groups (a healthy group and a general psychiatric group), and also to examine the association between these behaviours and alleged sexual abuse in BN. Method: Women (N = 233) aged between 13 and 38 years old were evaluated using a semi-structured interview. Results: Participants with BN reported more self-injurious behaviours, suicide attempts by drug intake, and poor control in smoking and illicit drugs use compared with participants in both control groups. Participants with BN also reported more spending behaviours when compared with the general psychiatric control group. The use of illegal drugs and medication was significantly related to alleged sexual abuse in BN participants. Conclusions: This study concluded that BN is often related to dysregulated behaviours, and clinicians must take into account the multi-impulsive spectrum behaviours of BN in their evaluation and treatment of BN.
- Eating disorders and treatment outcome - Preliminary resultsPublication . Machado, Bárbara César; Gonçalves, Sónia; Dias, Pedro; Pereira, Josefina; Dias, Luís; Roma-Torres, António; Brandão, Isabel; Machado, Paulo P.
- Retrospective correlates for bulimia nervosa: a matched case-control studyPublication . Gonçalves, Sónia; Machado, Bárbara César; Martins, Carla; Hoek, Hans W.; Machado, Paulo P.Objective: There have been few studies investigating the risk factors for bulimia nervosa (BN), and most have been in Anglo‐Saxon countries. This study aimed to (i) replicate the uncontested retrospective correlates for BN and clarify the role of factors with inconsistent findings and (ii) evaluate the strength of these factors in a different culture. Method: A case–control design was used to compare 60 women who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for BN to 60 healthy controls and 60 participants with other psychiatric disorders. Retrospective correlates were assessed by interviewing each person with the Oxford Risk Factor Interview. Results: The primary retrospective correlates identified from the comparison of BN participants to healthy controls were general high maternal expectations, negative attitudes about parental weight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Compared with participants with other psychiatric disorders, those with BN also reported higher rates of childhood obesity, deliberate self‐harm, family conflicts, general high maternal expectations and feeling fat in childhood. Conclusions: The common findings across cultures suggest that, at least, individuals subjectively experience a number of similar factors that increase risk for developing BN. In addition, the difference regarding self‐harm is notable.
- Risk factors and antecedent life events in the development of anorexia nervosa : a Portuguese case-control studyPublication . Machado, Bárbara César; Gonçalves, Sónia; Martins, Carla; Hoek, Hans W.; Machado, Paulo P.Objective: The aetiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) is considered to be multifactorial. This study aims to identify potential risk factors for AN and whether these factors are specific to AN or precede the development of psychiatric disorders in general and to identify specific life events in the 12 months immediately preceding the onset of eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Method: A case-control design was used to compare a group of women who meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for AN (N = 86) with healthy controls (N = 86) and with a group of controls with other psychiatric disorders (N = 68), each group matched to the AN patients by age and parental socioeconomic status bands. Risk factors were assessed by interviewing each person with the Oxford Risk Factor Interview. Results: Women with AN reported significantly higher rates of perfectionism, negative attitudes toward parents' shape and weight, significant concern about feeling fat and a family history of AN or bulimia nervosa. Critical comments about weight, shape or eating was the most notable event in the year preceding AN onset. Discussion: Perfectionism and a family history of ED emerged as the most convergent findings in the development of AN, along with being critical toward parents' shape and weight, and feeling fat. Critical comments about appearance and eating seem to be an important precipitating factor in AN onset.