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Este artigo apresenta uma defesa do direito à migração e ao asilo numa perspetiva de Direitos Humanos, tendo como pano de fundo a recente crise dos refugiados na Europa. Identifica brevemente: 1) os problemas (falência do paradigma do Estado-Nação e ineficácia do Direito Internacional, falta de solidariedade de muitos povos, incluindo e sobretudo o Europeu); 2) os desafios, como a tentativa de desligar a representação política e a atribuição de direitos do quadro estrito da cidadania nacional, e 3) possíveis tarefas que nos permitam encaminhar nesse sentido, como a transnacionalização da esfera da opinião pública e o reforço da pedagogia dos direitos humanos. Atualmente, colocar a questão nestes termos talvez mais não seja que uma utopia mas a transição da teoria ideal para a possível implementação passa obviamente pela capacidade de decompor o ideal num conjunto de tarefas que talvez sejam parcialmente realizáveis. A ser possível, a realização deste objetivo implicaria uma solução obviamente top-down que providenciasse maior eficácia ao direito internacional mas que provavelmente nunca será atingida se não houver pressão dos processos bottom-up, isto é, da própria opinião pública mundial.
This paper puts forward a defense of migration and asylum rights in a human rights-based perspective, with the recent refugee crisis in Europe as a backdrop. It pinpoints: 1) some of the problems (failure of the Westphalian paradigm, lack of effectiveness of International Law and of solidarity of many peoples, including and above all the European people); 2) challenges, such as the attempt to uncouple political representation and the attribution of rights from national citizenship; and 3) possible tasks that might put us on that way – i.e., the transnationalization of the public sphere and a stronger pedagogy of human rights. Today, spelling out the goal in these terms might be tantamount to a utopia. However, going from ideal theory towards a possible implementation obviously hinges on our capacity to break down the ideal in partially fulfillable tasks. If possible, the realization of this goal would obviously entails a top-down solution that would grant international law greater effectiveness, but one which would probably never be attained without the pressure of bottom-up processes, that is, of the global public opinion.
This paper puts forward a defense of migration and asylum rights in a human rights-based perspective, with the recent refugee crisis in Europe as a backdrop. It pinpoints: 1) some of the problems (failure of the Westphalian paradigm, lack of effectiveness of International Law and of solidarity of many peoples, including and above all the European people); 2) challenges, such as the attempt to uncouple political representation and the attribution of rights from national citizenship; and 3) possible tasks that might put us on that way – i.e., the transnationalization of the public sphere and a stronger pedagogy of human rights. Today, spelling out the goal in these terms might be tantamount to a utopia. However, going from ideal theory towards a possible implementation obviously hinges on our capacity to break down the ideal in partially fulfillable tasks. If possible, the realization of this goal would obviously entails a top-down solution that would grant international law greater effectiveness, but one which would probably never be attained without the pressure of bottom-up processes, that is, of the global public opinion.
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Direitos humanos Democracia Educação Esfera pública Migração Democracy Education Human rights Migration Public sphere
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LabCom.IFP