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Profissionais de saúde : principais riscos e fatores de risco, eventuais doenças profissionais e medidas de proteção recomendadas
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Introdução/ enquadramento/ objetivos: Os profissionais de saúde executam inúmeras tarefas sujeitas a fatores de risco/ riscos muito variados; contudo, se alguns são facilmente percetíveis para a maioria, outros são ignorados. Pretende-se com esta revisão bibliográfica sumarizar o que de mais recente e pertinente se escreveu sobre o tema. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma pesquisa em março de 2016 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina, Academic Search Complete e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: A nível de riscos químicos, destacam-se os citostáticos, ou seja, medicamentos capazes de alterar as células, usados nos tratamentos oncológicos, no sentido de serem destruídas as células cancerígenas; contudo, a afinidade pelo alvo e/ou a forma de administração não garantem uma precisão absoluta, pelo que também são destruídas células normais. A maioria dos fármacos usados em Oncologia está por isso, curiosamente, classificada como carcinogénica. Para além disso, a generalidade dos profissionais de saúde está sujeita a patamares razoáveis de stress laboral, bullying, burnout e violência; condições estas com implicações na saúde física e emocional dos funcionários, bem como no absentismo, satisfação e produtividade. A nível organizacional destacam-se também as alterações cronobiológicas secundárias aos horários prolongados, trabalho por turnos rotativos e/ou noturnos, envelhecimento dos funcionários e alterações nutricionais/ endocrinológicas inerentes. No contexto dos riscos biológicos destacam-se as hepatites B e C, bem como o HIV e, com particular importância nacional, a tuberculose. Na dimensão ergonómica realçam-se as lesões músculo-esqueléticas. Por fim, a nível de riscos físicos, são mencionadas as radiações ionizantes e as mais banalizadas (segundo alguns autores, incorretamente) radiações não- ionizantes. Conclusões: A revisão identificou não só que a generalidade dos trabalhadores deste setor não se apercebe da importância ou intensidade de alguns riscos, pelo que, por vezes, menospreza algumas medidas de proteção coletiva e/ou individual; como também a realidade portuguesa não está suficientemente retratada, pelo que seria pertinente motivar os profissionais da saúde ocupacional que trabalhem no ramo (ou venham a trabalhar) para investigar aspetos relevantes do tema, divulgando as conclusões obtidas através da publicação de artigos.
Introduction: Health professionals perform numerous tasks subject to varied risk factors/ risks; however, if some are easily noticeable, others are ignored. The aim of this literature review is to summarize the most recent and relevant knowledge. Methodology: In March 2016 a survey was performed in the databases: “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina, Academic Search Complete and RCAAP”. Content: At chemical risk level, the cytostatics stands out, since these drugs, used in oncological treatment, are capable of disrupting the cells; however the affinity for the target and/ or mode of administration cannot guarantee complete accuracy, so that normal cells are also destroyed. Most drugs used in oncology are therefore classified as carcinogenic. In addition, the majority of these professionals are subject to reasonable levels of work stress, bullying, burnout and violence; these conditions have implications for physical and emotional health of employees as well as absenteeism, satisfaction and productivity. At organizational level there are also chronobiological changes to long hours working, shift rotating/ nocturnal work, aging workers and inherent nutritional/ endocrine disorders. In the context of the biological risks it stands out hepatitis B and C, HIV and (particularly with national importance) tuberculosis. At ergonomic dimension there are muscle-skeletal injuries. Finally, it is mentioned ionizing radiation and more trivialized (according to some authors, incorrectly) non-ionizing radiation. Conclusions: The review identified not only that the majority of workers in this sector are unaware of the importance or intensity of some risks, as sometimes neglect some collective and/ or individual safeguards; Furthermore, as well as the situation in Portugal is not sufficiently depicted, it would be relevant to motivate occupational health professionals working in the field (or that will work) to investigate relevant aspects of the issue and disseminate the results through the publication of articles.
Introduction: Health professionals perform numerous tasks subject to varied risk factors/ risks; however, if some are easily noticeable, others are ignored. The aim of this literature review is to summarize the most recent and relevant knowledge. Methodology: In March 2016 a survey was performed in the databases: “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina, Academic Search Complete and RCAAP”. Content: At chemical risk level, the cytostatics stands out, since these drugs, used in oncological treatment, are capable of disrupting the cells; however the affinity for the target and/ or mode of administration cannot guarantee complete accuracy, so that normal cells are also destroyed. Most drugs used in oncology are therefore classified as carcinogenic. In addition, the majority of these professionals are subject to reasonable levels of work stress, bullying, burnout and violence; these conditions have implications for physical and emotional health of employees as well as absenteeism, satisfaction and productivity. At organizational level there are also chronobiological changes to long hours working, shift rotating/ nocturnal work, aging workers and inherent nutritional/ endocrine disorders. In the context of the biological risks it stands out hepatitis B and C, HIV and (particularly with national importance) tuberculosis. At ergonomic dimension there are muscle-skeletal injuries. Finally, it is mentioned ionizing radiation and more trivialized (according to some authors, incorrectly) non-ionizing radiation. Conclusions: The review identified not only that the majority of workers in this sector are unaware of the importance or intensity of some risks, as sometimes neglect some collective and/ or individual safeguards; Furthermore, as well as the situation in Portugal is not sufficiently depicted, it would be relevant to motivate occupational health professionals working in the field (or that will work) to investigate relevant aspects of the issue and disseminate the results through the publication of articles.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Pessoal de saúde Saúde do trabalhador Medicina do trabalho Health personnel Occupational health Occupational medicine
Contexto Educativo
Citação
SANTOS, Mónica, ALMEIDA, Armando - Profissionais de saúde: principais riscos e fatores de risco, eventuais doenças profissionais e medidas de proteção recomendadas, Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional Online, ISSN 2183-8453, 2, S28-S52, 2016