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A presente Dissertação de Mestrado visa imputar a responsabilidade internacional, pela prática de atos ilícitos, à Organização das Nações Unidas e aos Estados que contribuem com militares no âmbito das Operações de Peacekeeping. Segundo o Direito Internacional, o ato internacionalmente ilícito de um Estado ou de uma Organização Internacional a) deve constituir uma violação de uma obrigação internacional; e b) deve ser atribuído, ao Estado e/ou à Organização Internacional, nos termos do Direito Internacional. Ao nível das missões de Peacekeeping, há obrigações internacionais que emanam dos Estados contribuintes de militares e das Nações Unidas, ao abrigo do Direito Internacional. Para efeitos da atribuição da conduta, o estatuto dual dos militares participantes obriga a algumas considerações sobre o critério do controlo efetivo. O regime de responsabilidade internacional é concretizado na natureza dos atos de índole sexual, perpetrados pelos peacekeepers, contra a mulher. Alicerçada no teste do controlo efetivo e em fatores sociais externos que justificam a ilicitude dos atos de cariz sexual, a imputação dual da conduta aos Estados envolvidos e às Nações Unidas apresenta-se como uma mais-valia. Todavia, não se pode descurar de uma análise casuística sobre a conduta, de modo a deslindar qual a pessoa coletiva responsável. Relativamente à metodologia da abordagem, será utilizado o método dedutivo a fim de conferir uma utilidade prática no que concerne à atribuição da responsabilidade, permitindo, com isso, esclarecer a dimensão humana em causa.
This master’s degree dissertation aims at imputing International Responsibility for illicit acts to both the United Nations Organization and Troop Contributing Countries in the context of Peacekeeping Operations. According to the International Law, any illicit act by an International Organization or State means that a) the act should be considered as a violation of an international obligation; and b) the act lays on them, according to the terms of International Law. Peacekeeping missions share international obligations which emanate from the countries whose soldiers are involved in these missions and the United Nations Organization, under cover of the international law. Concerning the soldiers‟ behaviour and the illicit act and also because of their dual status, some considerations on the criteria of effective control are needed. In fact, the International Responsibility depends on the nature of the sexual acts committed against women by the peacekeepers. Supported by the effective control test and external social factors which justify the unlawful character of the sexual acts, the dual imputation of the conduct to the United Nations Organization and the countries involved, seems to be the appropriate solution. Of course a circumstantial analysis on the conduct is also essential in order to find out the responsible collective entity for the offender. In what concerns the methodology, a set of deductive methods was used with the purpose of giving a practical applicability on the attribution of the responsibility and therefore allowing to clear up the human dimension of the problem.
This master’s degree dissertation aims at imputing International Responsibility for illicit acts to both the United Nations Organization and Troop Contributing Countries in the context of Peacekeeping Operations. According to the International Law, any illicit act by an International Organization or State means that a) the act should be considered as a violation of an international obligation; and b) the act lays on them, according to the terms of International Law. Peacekeeping missions share international obligations which emanate from the countries whose soldiers are involved in these missions and the United Nations Organization, under cover of the international law. Concerning the soldiers‟ behaviour and the illicit act and also because of their dual status, some considerations on the criteria of effective control are needed. In fact, the International Responsibility depends on the nature of the sexual acts committed against women by the peacekeepers. Supported by the effective control test and external social factors which justify the unlawful character of the sexual acts, the dual imputation of the conduct to the United Nations Organization and the countries involved, seems to be the appropriate solution. Of course a circumstantial analysis on the conduct is also essential in order to find out the responsible collective entity for the offender. In what concerns the methodology, a set of deductive methods was used with the purpose of giving a practical applicability on the attribution of the responsibility and therefore allowing to clear up the human dimension of the problem.
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Palavras-chave
Atribuição da responsabilidade internacional Atos de abuso e de exploração sexual contra a mulher Organização das Nações Unidas Estados contribuintes de militares Peacekeepers Critério do controlo efetivo Atribuição dual da conduta Imputing international responsibility Acts of sexual abuse and exploitation against women United Nations Organization Troop contributing countries Peacekeepers Effective control criteria Dual attribution of conduct