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Abstract(s)
O Kisha Club foi estabelecido em 1890 como um clube de jornalistas, continuando ainda hoje a exercer um papel central no funcionamento do jornalismo no Japão. Como a presente dissertação demonstra, este clube possui três características principais: ‘acesso automático dos seus membros as informações provenientes das autoridades’, ‘regras muito restritas impostas aos membros’, e a ‘exclusividade do clube’, que impede o acesso a informação por parte de jornalistas não membros e aos cidadãos em geral. O sistema do Kisha Club auxilia as autoridades a filtrar a informação que chega ao público, e restringe a actividade dos jornalistas não-membros. Apesar do Japão se ter tornado num país democrático após a 2ª Guerra Mundial, os organismos oficiais, incluindo o gabinete do Primeiro-Ministro, Ministérios, departamentos da policia e partidos políticos, adoptam o sistema do Kisha Club, o que ao longo das últimas décadas tem motivado críticas severas por parte de organizações internacionais. O presente estudo, além de descrever o sistema do Kisha Club e o modo como este evoluiu ao longo das décadas, apresenta também um trabalho empírico baseado num inquérito, em entrevistas e em análise de conteúdo. Enquanto que o inquérito por questionário permitiu aferir o hábito da amostra em termos do consumo de jornais, as entrevistas e a análise de conteúdo dos jornais revelaram como na prática os jornalistas não membros do Kisha Club são discriminados no acesso às fontes oficiais e como os vários jornais tendem a publicar textos praticamente idênticos baseados nas informações que receberem das entidades oficiais.
The Kisha Club was established as a group of journalists in 1890, and even today, it continues to play a central role in Japan’s journalism. As this dissertation shows, this club has three main features: ‘automatic access of the members to the authority’s primary information’, ‘very restricted rules imposed on the members’ and ‘the exclusiveness of the club’, which blocks non-member journalists and general citizens access to the information. The system of the Kisha Club helps the members and authorities to filter information which might arrive to the public, and restricts the activities of non-member journalists. Despite of Japan becoming a democratic country after World War II, official organisms, including the Prime Minister’s office, Ministries, police departments and political parties, adopt the Kisha Club system. Such adoption has brought sharp criticisms by international organizations for many decades. This study, besides the description of the Kisha Club system and its evolution process along decades, presents empirical work based on a questionnaire survey, interviews to journalists, and analyses of newspaper’s contents. While the questionnaire survey shows the habit of readers regarding their newspaper’s purchase, interviews and analyses of the newspaper’s contents reveal that the non-member journalists are discriminated regarding the access to the official sources. and that various journalists of Kisha Club tend to publish similar, or practically the same articles as other members, articles which are based on the information provided by the official entities.
The Kisha Club was established as a group of journalists in 1890, and even today, it continues to play a central role in Japan’s journalism. As this dissertation shows, this club has three main features: ‘automatic access of the members to the authority’s primary information’, ‘very restricted rules imposed on the members’ and ‘the exclusiveness of the club’, which blocks non-member journalists and general citizens access to the information. The system of the Kisha Club helps the members and authorities to filter information which might arrive to the public, and restricts the activities of non-member journalists. Despite of Japan becoming a democratic country after World War II, official organisms, including the Prime Minister’s office, Ministries, police departments and political parties, adopt the Kisha Club system. Such adoption has brought sharp criticisms by international organizations for many decades. This study, besides the description of the Kisha Club system and its evolution process along decades, presents empirical work based on a questionnaire survey, interviews to journalists, and analyses of newspaper’s contents. While the questionnaire survey shows the habit of readers regarding their newspaper’s purchase, interviews and analyses of the newspaper’s contents reveal that the non-member journalists are discriminated regarding the access to the official sources. and that various journalists of Kisha Club tend to publish similar, or practically the same articles as other members, articles which are based on the information provided by the official entities.