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Abstract(s)
A exceção de não cumprimento e o direito de retenção constituem causas legítimas de não cumprimento de uma prestação devida quando a contraparte, por sua vez, não cumpre a obrigação a que se encontra adstrita. Geralmente tidas como figuras próximas, registam, porém, diferenças assinaláveis de regime jurídico que permitem a sua distinção. Atendendo à frequência com que ambos os institutos são analisados pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência - nem sempre de forma clara e consensual - reveste particular importância averiguar os concretos termos em que cada um pode ser invocado no âmbito do contrato de empreitada, contrato sinalagmático do qual resultam para as partes as obrigações principais de realizar a obra e de pagar o preço. Admitida a possibilidade de invocação da exceção de incumprimento pelo empreiteiro e pelo dono da obra, e sendo hoje pacificamente acolhida a tese da atribuição do direito de retenção ao empreiteiro, analisa-se o âmbito de aplicação de ambas as figuras, procurando-se aferir, designadamente, se o empreiteiro poderá recorrer indistintamente à exceptio ou à retentio para recusar a entrega da obra já executada, na eventualidade de o preço não ser pago nos termos devidos.
The exception of non-compliance and the right of retention constitute legitimate causes for non-compliance with a due provision when the counterparty, in turn, does not fulfill the obligation to which it is attached. Generally considered as close figures, they register, however, notable differences in the legal regime which allow their distinction. Given the frequency with which both institutes are analyzed by doctrine and jurisprudence - not always in a clear and consensual way - it is particularly important to ascertain the specific terms in which each one can be invoked within the scope of the contract of work, from which result for the parties the main obligations to carry out the work and to pay the price. With the possibility of invoking the exception of non-compliance by the contractor and the owner of the work being established, and the thesis of attributing the right of retention to the contractor being now peacefully accepted, the scope of application of both figures is analyzed, seeking to assess, namely, whether the contractor may resort to each one indiscriminately to refuse delivery of the work already carried out, in the event that the price is not paid in due terms.
The exception of non-compliance and the right of retention constitute legitimate causes for non-compliance with a due provision when the counterparty, in turn, does not fulfill the obligation to which it is attached. Generally considered as close figures, they register, however, notable differences in the legal regime which allow their distinction. Given the frequency with which both institutes are analyzed by doctrine and jurisprudence - not always in a clear and consensual way - it is particularly important to ascertain the specific terms in which each one can be invoked within the scope of the contract of work, from which result for the parties the main obligations to carry out the work and to pay the price. With the possibility of invoking the exception of non-compliance by the contractor and the owner of the work being established, and the thesis of attributing the right of retention to the contractor being now peacefully accepted, the scope of application of both figures is analyzed, seeking to assess, namely, whether the contractor may resort to each one indiscriminately to refuse delivery of the work already carried out, in the event that the price is not paid in due terms.
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Keywords
Contrato de empreitada Incumprimento Cumprimento defeituoso Exceção de não cumprimento Exceptio non adimpleti contractus Exceptio non rite adimpleti contractus Direito de retenção Contract of work Breach of contract Defective performance Exception of non-performance Right to withhold