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Abstract(s)
As Forças Armadas são a organização de força militar ao serviço do Estado
incumbida da missão de defender a República Portuguesa.
Para o cumprimento eficaz da sua missão, as Forças Armadas baseiam a sua
atuação numa estrutura hierárquica coesa e regem-se por valores de missão,
camaradagem, lealdade e respeito entre pares e para com os seus superiores.
Entendemos que os teatros de operações em que atuam os militares das Forças
Armadas – quer em tempo de guerra, quer em tempo de paz – podem despoletar situações
de perigo iminente, que exigem do militar uma resposta rápida e eficiente. Na presente
dissertação analisámos a disciplina e o respeito cultivados no seio da organização que
permitem uma obediência firme e rápida às instruções emanadas pelos superiores.
Enumerámos os deveres aos quais o militar está legalmente vinculado, mais
pormenorizadamente os deveres de obediência e de lealdade, que podem suscitar uma
situação de conflito de deveres.
Procedemos à análise da postura que deve ser adotada pelo subordinado quando
se encontra perante um conflito de deveres, designadamente, nas situações em que o
superior emana uma ordem formal e materialmente ilegítima. A conclusão desta
problemática é um dos objetivos da dissertação.
Abordámos ainda a possibilidade da exclusão da culpa do subordinado que,
toldado pelo erro, pratica um ilícito típico motivado pela obediência a uma ordem
ilegítima. Entendemos que esta questão é bastante relevante do ponto de vista do direito
penal militar, atendendo a que a censura penal se rege pelos valores da sociedade e que o
meio militar extravasa esses valores, por compreender situações de maior risco para a
vida. Julgamos que nestas situações há uma maior propensão ao erro sobre a prática de
um crime ou sobre a existência de pressupostos de uma causa de justificação, pelo que é
uma questão de análise relevante.
O trabalho de pesquisa evidenciou que a questão em apreço é pouco debatida nos
Tribunais e na Jurisprudência Portuguesa, contudo já alguns autores caminham no sentido
de desenvolver o tema, com muito ainda por explorar.
The “Forças Armadas” (Armed Forces) are the military group employed by the state to defend the Portuguese Republic. To effectively accomplish their mission, the Armed Forces follow a strict hierarchical structure and carry out their duties under the values of mission, comradeship, loyalty, and respect between peers and towards superior officers. The theater of operations in which the military operate, whether in times of peace or war, can unleash situations of imminent danger which call for a quick and efficient response. In this dissertation, we analyze the values of discipline and respect cultivated within the organization which enable firm and immediate obedience in carrying out of the orders issued by the superiors. We listed the defined duties with which the soldiers are bound by law to comply, particularly those of obedience and loyalty, which may cause a conflict of duties. We analyzed the professional stance that is to be adopted by the subordinate when he finds himself facing conflicting duties, specifically when the superior issues an illegitimate order. To present a solution to this issue is one of the goals of this dissertation. We also investigated the possibility of excluding the subordinate's guilt, in cases where he acts illegally as a result of obeying an unlawful order. This issue is extremely pertinent from the point of view of military criminal law, seeing that criminal censorship is based on the values of society, but the military world goes beyond those values, as it faces situations of much greater life risk. We believe that in these situations there is a greater chance of error either on the legal prohibition or on the justification cause of illegality, and this makes it a relevant question to analyze. The research carried out regarding this topic shows that there is very little debate on this subject within the Portuguese jurisprudence, and while some authors are beginning to broach the topic there is still a lot to explore.
The “Forças Armadas” (Armed Forces) are the military group employed by the state to defend the Portuguese Republic. To effectively accomplish their mission, the Armed Forces follow a strict hierarchical structure and carry out their duties under the values of mission, comradeship, loyalty, and respect between peers and towards superior officers. The theater of operations in which the military operate, whether in times of peace or war, can unleash situations of imminent danger which call for a quick and efficient response. In this dissertation, we analyze the values of discipline and respect cultivated within the organization which enable firm and immediate obedience in carrying out of the orders issued by the superiors. We listed the defined duties with which the soldiers are bound by law to comply, particularly those of obedience and loyalty, which may cause a conflict of duties. We analyzed the professional stance that is to be adopted by the subordinate when he finds himself facing conflicting duties, specifically when the superior issues an illegitimate order. To present a solution to this issue is one of the goals of this dissertation. We also investigated the possibility of excluding the subordinate's guilt, in cases where he acts illegally as a result of obeying an unlawful order. This issue is extremely pertinent from the point of view of military criminal law, seeing that criminal censorship is based on the values of society, but the military world goes beyond those values, as it faces situations of much greater life risk. We believe that in these situations there is a greater chance of error either on the legal prohibition or on the justification cause of illegality, and this makes it a relevant question to analyze. The research carried out regarding this topic shows that there is very little debate on this subject within the Portuguese jurisprudence, and while some authors are beginning to broach the topic there is still a lot to explore.
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Keywords
Superior hierárquico Subordinado Dever de obediência Dever de lealdade Conflito de deveres Obediência indevida desculpante Hierarchical superior Subordinate Obedience duty Loyalty duty Conflict of duty